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Definition of Limit

Main Concept

The precise definition of a limit states that:

 

Let  f  be a function defined on an open interval containing c (except possibly at c) and let L be a real number.

 

Define the limit of  f  at c to be L, or write

 

 limx→cfx = L 

if the following statement is true:


For any e > 0  there is a d > 0 such that whenever

     0 < x−c < &delta;

then also

 f&lpar;x&rpar;−L < &epsilon; .

 

Suppose you want to prove that a certain function has a limit. What exactly needs to be determined?

An input range in which there is a corresponding output. (A positive d so that x−c < &delta;  ⇒ f&lpar;x&rpar;−L < &epsilon;.)

Example 1

Prove:

limx→25 x − 1 &equals; 9

Note: c  &equals; 2 &comma;  L &equals;9&comma;  fx &equals; 5 x−1 .

Remember you are trying to prove that:

For all &epsilon; &gt; 0, there exists a  &delta; &gt;0 such that:

if 0 <  x − 2 < &delta;  then 5 x−1 −9 < &epsilon;.

Step1: Determine what to choose for &delta;&period;

f&lpar;x&rpar;−L  < &epsilon;

5 x−1 −9  < &epsilon;

Substitute all values into f&lpar;x&rpar;−L  < &epsilon;.

5 x−10 < &epsilon;

 

5 x−2 < &epsilon;

 x−2 < &epsilon;5

The relation has been simplified to the form x−c < &delta;, if you choose &delta;&equals;&epsilon;5.

 

Step 2: Assume  x−c < &delta;, and use that relation to prove that f&lpar;x&rpar;−L  < ε.

x−c<&delta;

x−2<&epsilon;5

Substitute values for c and &delta;.

5x−2<&epsilon;

5 x−10 < &epsilon;

5 x−1− 9 < &epsilon;

f&lpar;x&rpar;−L  < &epsilon;

Follow the instructions, using different functions  f, values of c, e and d to observe graphically why the proof works.

 

1. Choose a function:

2. Choose a value for c:

c  =

3. Ask for an &epsilon;:

&varepsilon; =

4. Try to choose &delta; small enough so that x−c < &delta; implies fx−L < &epsilon;.T. If the blue strip is a river, and the purple strip is a bridge, then the function (green) must only cross the river where the bridge is!

 

&delta; =

5. If it's not possible to choose such a &delta;, the function fx does not have a limit at the point c !

 

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