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LieAlgebras[RootToCartanSubalgebraElementH] - associate to each positive root of a simple Lie algebra a vector in the Cartan subalgebra

Calling Sequences

     RootToCartanSubalgebraElementH(α , RSD)

Parameters

     α     - a vector, defining a positive (or negative) root of a simple Lie algebra

     RSD   - a table, defining the root space decomposition of a simple Lie algebra

 

 

Description

Examples

Description

• 

 Let g be a simple Lie algebra, h a Cartan subalgebra, and 𝔤 = 𝔥 ⊕⨁α ∈ ΔRα the root space decomposition of g with respect to h. For each root α ∈Δ, there are vectors Xα ∈Rα , X−α ∈R−α and Hα∈ 𝔥  such that

 [Hα , Xα] = 2 Xα,  [Hα , X−α]  = −2 X−α  and Xα , X−α = Hα .

These conditions uniquely determine Hα.  Note that the vectors Xα , X−α , Hα define the 3-dimensional Lie algebra sl2. The assignment α → Hα  is used to calculate the Cartan matrix for the Lie algebra 𝔤.

• 

The procedure RootToCartanSubalgebraElementH(α , RSD) returns the vector Hα.

Examples

> 

with⁡DifferentialGeometry:with⁡LieAlgebras:

 

Example 1.

We consider the Lie algebra su3,3. This is the 24-dimensional real Lie algebra of 6×6 complex matrices A which are trace-free and skew-Hermitian with respect to the quadratic form Q=0I3I30 . We use the command SimpleLieAlgebraData to initialize this Lie algebra.

 

> 

LD1≔SimpleLieAlgebraData⁡su(3,3),su33,labelformat=gl,labels=E,ω:

> 

DGsetup⁡LD1

Lie algebra: su33

(2.1)

 

We use the command SimpleLieAlgebraProperties to obtain the Cartan subalgebra, the root space decomposition, and the simple roots.

su33 > 

P≔SimpleLieAlgebraProperties⁡su33:

 

The result P is a table. Here is the Cartan subalgebra for su3, 3.

su33 > 

CSA≔PCartanSubalgebra

CSA:=E11,E22,E33,Ei11,Ei22

(2.2)

 

Here is the root space decomposition for su3,3.

su33 > 

RSD≔eval⁡PRootSpaceDecomposition

RSD:=table1,0,1,−2⁢I,−I=E16+I⁢Ei16,1,1,0,I,−I=E15−I⁢Ei15,−1,0,1,−2⁢I,−I=E31+I⁢Ei31,1,−1,0,−I,I=E12−I⁢Ei12,0,0,−2,0,0=Ei63,0,−1,−1,I,2⁢I=E53−I⁢Ei53,0,−2,0,0,0=Ei52,−1,−1,0,I,−I=E42−I⁢Ei42,1,0,−1,2⁢I,I=E13+I⁢Ei13,0,1,−1,−I,−2⁢I=E23−I⁢Ei23,0,−1,−1,−I,−2⁢I=E53+I⁢Ei53,2,0,0,0,0=Ei14,0,−1,1,I,2⁢I=E32−I⁢Ei32,−1,0,1,2⁢I,I=E31−I⁢Ei31,−1,−1,0,−I,I=E42+I⁢Ei42,0,1,−1,I,2⁢I=E23+I⁢Ei23,0,1,1,−I,−2⁢I=E26+I⁢Ei26,1,0,−1,−2⁢I,−I=E13−I⁢Ei13,1,−1,0,I,−I=E12+I⁢Ei12,−1,0,−1,2⁢I,I=E43−I⁢Ei43,−1,0,−1,−2⁢I,−I=E43+I⁢Ei43,0,2,0,0,0=Ei25,1,0,1,2⁢I,I=E16−I⁢Ei16,−2,0,0,0,0=Ei41,−1,1,0,I,−I=E21−I⁢Ei21,0,−1,1,−I,−2⁢I=E32+I⁢Ei32,1,1,0,−I,I=E15+I⁢Ei15,0,0,2,0,0=Ei36,−1,1,0,−I,I=E21+I⁢Ei21,0,1,1,I,2⁢I=E26−I⁢Ei26

(2.3)

 

Here are the positive roots.

su33 > 

PR≔PPositiveRoots

 

Let us find Hα,where α is the first root  

su33 > 

α≔PR1

su33 > 

H≔RootToCartanSubalgebraElementH⁡α,RSD

H:=−I2⁢Ei11+I2⁢Ei22+12⁢E11−12⁢E22

(2.4)

 

We check that H is in the Cartan subalgebra.

su33 > 

GetComponents⁡H,CSA

12,−12,0,−12⁢I,12⁢I

(2.5)

 

Here are the root spaces for α and −α .

su33 > 

X≔RootSpace⁡α,RSD

X:=E12+I⁢Ei12

(2.6)
su33 > 

Y≔RootSpace⁡−α,RSD

Y:=E21+I⁢Ei21

(2.7)

 

We check that H , X, Y defines a Lie subalgebra.

su33 > 

LieAlgebraData⁡H,X,Y

e1,e2=2⁢e2,e1,e3=−2⁢e3,e2,e3=4⁢e1

(2.8)

 

If we scale the vectors X and Y then the structure equations take the standard form for sl2. 

su33 > 

LieAlgebraData⁡H,12⁢X,12⁢Y

e1,e2=2⁢e2,e1,e3=−2⁢e3,e2,e3=e1

(2.9)

 

Example 2.

We illustrate how to use RootToCartanSubalgebraElementH(α , RSD) to calculate the Cartan matrix for su3, 3. We first calculate the Hα for the simple roots α.

su33 > 

SR≔PSimpleRoots

su33 > 

Halpha≔map⁡RootToCartanSubalgebraElementH,SR,RSD

Halpha:=−I2⁢Ei11+I2⁢Ei22+12⁢E11−12⁢E22,−I2⁢Ei22+12⁢E22−12⁢E33,E33,I2⁢Ei22+12⁢E22−12⁢E33,I2⁢Ei11−I2⁢Ei22+12⁢E11−12⁢E22

(2.10)

 

Then we calculate the Killing form , restricted to subspace [H1, H2, H3, H4, H5].

su33 > 

B≔Killing⁡Halpha

 

The Cartan matrix is given by normalizing the entries of B.

su33 > 

C≔Matrix⁡5,5,i,j↦2⋅Bi,jBi,i

 

The Lie algebra su3,3 is a rank 5 simple Lie algebra of type "A". The matrix in  is therefore correct.

su33 > 

CartanMatrix⁡A,5

 

See Also

DifferentialGeometry

CartanMatrix

Killing

LieAlgebraData

RootSpace

SimpleLieAlgebraData

SimpleLieAlgebraProperties