FOURIER Series 

 

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Josef  BETTEN 

RWTH Aachen University 

Templergraben 55 

D-52056  A a c h e n ,  Germany 

betten@mmw.rwth-aachen.de 

 

 

 

Abstract 

 

This worksheet is concerned with FOURIER series. Some examples are discussed  

using MAPLE V, Release 10.  

 

 

Keywords:  FOURIER expansion; odd and even functions;  HEAVISIDE function;  

                   continuous functions with cusps; L-two norm  

 

 

 

FOURIER Expansion 

                                                                                   

restart:                                                             FOURIER_series:=               a[0]/2+sum(a[k]*cos(k*x)+b[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..infinity); 

(1)

 

 

>	a[k]:=(1/Pi)*Int(f(x)*cos(k*x),x=-Pi..Pi); # k=0,1,2,3,...

 

(2)

 

>	a[0]:=simplify(subs(k=0,%));

 

(3)

 

>	b[k]:=(1/Pi)*Int(f(x)*sin(k*x),x=-Pi..Pi); # k=1,2,3,...

 

(4)

 

 

ODD and Even Functions 

 

>	odd_function:=f(x)=x;

 

(5)

 

>	A[0]:=value(subs(f(x)=x,a[0]));

 

(6)

 

>	A[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=x,a[k]));

 

(7)

 

For odd functions the coefficients A[k],  k = 0,1,2.. are identical to zero. 

 

>	B[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=x,b[k]));

 

(8)

 

>	B[k]:=subs({sin(Pi*k)=0,cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k},%);

 

(9)

 

>	FOURIER_series[f(x)=x][k=4]:=sum(B[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..4);

 

(10)

 

>	for i in [2,4,5] do FOURIER_series[f(x)=x][k=i]:=             subs(k=i,sum(B[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..i)) od;

 

(11)

 

(11)

 

(11)

 

compact form: 

>	y(x,n)[f(x)=x]:=Sum(B[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(12)

 

>	y(x,4)[f(x)=x]:=value(subs(n=4,%));

 

(13)

 

>	for i in [1,10,100] do       y(x,n=i):=2*subs(n=i,sum((-1)^(n-1)*sin(n*x)/n,n=1..i)) od:

 

>	plot({y(x,n=1),y(x,n=10),y(x,n=100)},x=-4*Pi..4*Pi,color=black,                             title="FOURIER-series with  n = [1, 10, 100]  for f(x) = x");

 

 

 

 

>	even_function:=f(x)=x^2;

 

(14)

 

>	A[0]:=value(subs(f(x)=x^2,a[0]));

 

(15)

 

>	A[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=x^2,a[k]));

 

(16)

 

 

>	A[k]:=subs({sin(Pi*k)=0,cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k},%);

 

(17)

 

 

>	B[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=x^2,b[k]));

 

(18)

 

For even functions the coefficients  B[k] are identical to zero. 

 

>	y(x,n)[f(x)=x^2]:=A[0]/2+Sum(A[k]*cos(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(19)

 

>	y(x,4)[f(x)=x^2]:=value(subs(n=4,%));

 

(20)

 

>	for i in [1,10,100] do       y(x,n=i):=Pi^2/3+subs(n=i,4*sum((-1)^n*cos(n*x)/n^2,                     n=1..i)) od:

 

>	plot({y(x,n=1),y(x,n=10),y(x,n=100)},                  x=-4*Pi..4*Pi,color=black,                                                 title="FOURIER-series # n = [1, 10, 100] for f(x) = x^2");

 

 

Function  f(x) = (x  - X)^2  in several ranges: 

>	f(x)[-2*Pi]:=(x+2*Pi)^2;  x = [-3*Pi,  -Pi];

 

(21)

 

(21)

 

>	f(x)[0]:=x^2;   x = [-Pi,  Pi];

 

(22)

 

(22)

 

>	f(x)[2*Pi]:=(x-2*Pi)^2;   x = [Pi,  3*Pi];

 

(23)

 

(23)

 

>	alias(H=Heaviside,th=thickness,co=color):

 

>	p[1]:=plot(f(x)[-2*Pi],x=-3*Pi..-Pi,0..Pi^2,th=2,co=black):

 

>	p[2]:=plot(f(x)[0],x=-Pi..Pi,th=3,co=black):

 

>	p[3]:=plot(f(x)[2*Pi],x=Pi..3*Pi,th=2,co=black):

 

>	p[4]:=plot({Pi^2,Pi^2*H(x+3*Pi),Pi^2*H(x-3*Pi),   Pi^2*H(x+2*Pi),Pi^2*H(x-2*Pi)},                   x=-3.001*Pi..3.001*Pi,co=black,                                  title="Quadratic functions with the period  2*Pi"):

 

>	plots[display]({seq(p[k],k=1..4)});

 

 

>	constant_load:=q;

 

(24)

 

>	A[0]:=value(subs(f(x)=q,a[0]));

 

(25)

 

>	A[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=q,a[k]));

 

(26)

 

>	limit_value:=Limit(A[k],k=0)=limit(%,k=0);

 

(27)

 

>	B[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=q,b[k]));

 

(28)

 

>	y(x,n)[f=q]:=q+Sum((2*q*sin(Pi*k)/Pi/k)*cos(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(29)

 

>	y(x,n)[f=q]:=                   simplify(subs({sin(Pi*k)=0,cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k},%));

 

(30)

 

The solution is trivial. For all  k  yields:  y(x, k...n) = q. 

 

>	another_example:=f=1+x;

 

(31)

 

>	A[0]:=value(subs(f(x)=1+x,a[0]));

 

(32)

 

 

>	A[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=1+x,a[k]));

 

(33)

 

>	limit_value:=Limit(A[k],k=0)=limit(2*sin(Pi*k)/Pi/k,k=0);

 

(34)

 

>	B[k]:=value(subs(f(x)=1+x,b[k]));

 

(35)

 

>	B[k]:=subs({sin(Pi*k)=0,cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k},%);

 

(36)

 

 

>	y(x,n)[f=1+x]:=1+Sum(B[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(37)

 

>	y(x,4)[f=1+x]:=value(subs(n=4,%));

 

(38)

 

>	for i in [1,4,100] do         y(x,n=i):=1+subs(n=i,sum(2*sin(Pi*n)*cos(n*x)/Pi/n- (2*(-sin(Pi*n)+cos(Pi*n)*Pi*n)*sin(n*x))/Pi/n^2,                         n=1..i)) od:

 

>	plot({1,y(x,n=1),y(x,n=4),y(x,n=100)},x=-4*Pi..4*Pi,co=black,      title="FOURIER series # n = [1, 4, 100] for f(x) = 1+x");

 

 

 

FOURIER  Representation of the HEAVISIDE  Function  

 

>	alias(H=Heaviside):

 

>	F(x)[H_odd]:=H(x)+2*sum((-1)^n*H(x-n*Pi),n=1..N)- H(-x)+2*sum((-1)^n*H(x+n*Pi),n=1..N);

 

(39)

 

>	f(x)[H_odd]:=subs(N=4,%);

 

(40)

 

>	plot(%,x=-4.5*Pi..4.5*Pi,co=black);

 

 

>	A[0]:=value(subs(f(x)=f(x)[H_odd],a[0]));

 

(41)

 

>	A[k]:=value(simplify(subs(f(x)=f(x)[H_odd],a[k])));

 

(42)

 

>	B[k]:=simplify(value(subs(f(x)=f(x)[H_odd],b[k])));

 

(43)

 

>	B[k]:=subs(cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k,%);

 

(44)

 

>	y(x,n)[f=H_odd]:=sum(B[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(45)

 

>	y(x,4)[H_odd]:=value(subs(n=4,%));

 

(46)

 

>	for i in [1,2,3,4,5,6] do                y(x,n=i):=subs(n=i,2*sum(((1-(-1)^n)/Pi/n)*sin(n*x),                     n=1..i)) od;

 

(47)

 

(47)

 

(47)

 

(47)

 

(47)

 

(47)

 

>	for i in [1,5,99] do         y(x,n=i):=subs(n=i,2*sum(((1-(-1)^n)/Pi/n)*sin(n*x),                     n=1..i)) od:

 

>	plot({f(x)[H_odd],y(x,n=1),y(x,n=5),y(x,n=99)},                     x=-4.5*Pi..4.5*Pi,co=black);

 

 

Interval  ( 0, 2*Pi ): 

 

>	y(x):=alpha[0]/2+          Sum(alpha[k]*cos(k*x)+beta[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..infinity);

 

(48)

 

>	alpha[k]:=(1/Pi)*Int(phi(x)*cos(k*x),x=0..2*Pi);                                # k = 0,1,2,3,...

 

(49)

 

>	alpha[0]:=simplify(subs(k=0,%));

 

(50)

 

>	beta[k]:=(1/Pi)*Int(phi(x)*sin(k*x),x=0..2*Pi);                                 # k = 1,2,3,...

 

(51)

 

>	alias(H=Heaviside,th=thickness,co=color):

 

>	phi(x,N):=H(x)+2*Sum((-1)^n*H(x-n*Pi),n=1..N);

 

(52)

 

>	phi(x,4):=subs(N=4,%);

 

(53)

 

>	plot(%,x=0..4.5*Pi,co=black);

 

 

>	Alpha[0]:=value(subs({phi(x)=phi(x,4),k=0},                           alpha[k]));

 

(54)

 

>	Alpha[k]:=simplify(value(subs(phi(x)=phi(x,4),                       alpha[k])));

 

(55)

 

>	A[k]:=subs({sin(Pi*k)=0,cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k},%);

 

(56)

 

>	BETA[k]:=simplify(value(subs(phi(x)=phi(x,4),                         beta[k])));

 

(57)

 

>	BETA[k]:=subs(cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k,%);

 

(58)

 

>	y(x,n):=Sum(BETA[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(59)

 

>	y(x,4):=value(subs(n=4,%));

 

(60)

 

>	for i in [1,3,99] do                                   y(x,n=i):=subs(n=i,y(x,n)) od:

 

>	plot({y(x,n=1),y(x,n=3),y(x,n=99)},                      x=-4*Pi..8*Pi,co=black);

 

 

 

Continuous Functions with Cusps 

 

>	h(x):=piecewise(x>=0 and x<=1,x,x>=1 and x<=2*Pi,1);

 

(61)

 

>	plot(h(x),x=0..2*Pi,co=black);

 

 

>	Alpha[k]:=simplify(value(subs(phi(x)=h(x),alpha[k])));

 

(62)

 

>	Alpha[k]:=subs(sin(k*Pi)=0,%);

 

(63)

 

>	Alpha[0]:=simplify(value(subs(phi(x)=h(x),alpha[0])));

 

(64)

 

>	BETA[k]:=simplify(value(subs(phi(x)=h(x),beta[k])));

 

(65)

 

>	BETA[k]:=subs((cos(k*Pi))^2=1,%);

 

(66)

 

>	y(x,n):=Alpha[0]/2+sum(Alpha[k]*cos(k*x)+               BETA[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(67)

 

>	y(x,1):=evalf(subs(n=1,%),4);

 

(68)

 

>	y(x,3):=evalf(subs(n=3,%%),4);

 

(69)

 

>	y(x,99):=evalf(subs(n=99,%%%),4):

 

>	for i in [1,3,99] do                                   y(x,n=i):=subs(n=i,y(x,n)) od:

 

>	plot({y(x,n=1),y(x,n=3),y(x,n=99)},                       x=0..2*Pi,color=black);

 

 

 

L-two Norm 

 

>	L_two[n]:=sqrt((1/2/Pi)*Int((H(x)-Y(x,n))^2,                         x=0..2*Pi));

 

(70)

 

>	for i in [1,3,99] do   L_two[n=i]:=evalf(sqrt((1/2/Pi)*value(int((h(x)-y(x,i))^2,        x=0..2*Pi))),4) od;

 

(71)

 

(71)

 

(71)

 

 

For  n = 99  the FOURIER series  y(x, n = 99)  represents a good approximation  

to the above given function  h(x). 

 

>	g(x):=piecewise(x<-1,-1,x>-1 and x<1,x,x>1,1);

 

(72)

 

>	plot(g(x),x=-Pi..Pi,co=black);

 

 

>	A[k]:=simplify(value(subs(f(x)=g(x),a[k])));

 

(73)

 

>	A[0]:=value(subs(f(x)=g(x),a[0]));

 

(74)

 

 

>	B[k]:=simplify(value(subs(f(x)=g(x),b[k])));

 

(75)

 

>	B[k]:=subs(cos(Pi*k)=(-1)^k,%);

 

(76)

 

>	y(x,n):=sum(B[k]*sin(k*x),k=1..n);

 

(77)

 

>	y(x,1):=evalf(value(subs(n=1,%)),4);

 

(78)

 

>	y(x,3):=evalf(value(subs(n=3,%%)),4);

 

(79)

 

>	for i in[1,3,99] do y(x,n=i):=subs(n=i,y(x,n)) od:

 

>	plot({y(x,n=1),y(x,n=3),y(x,n=99)},                      x=-2*Pi..2*Pi,co=black);

 

 

>	L_two[n]:=sqrt((1/Pi)*Int((G(x)-Y(x,n))^2,x=0..Pi));

 

(80)

 

>	for i in [1,3,99] do           L_two[n=i]:=evalf(sqrt((1/Pi)*int((g(x)-y(x,i))^2,                   x=0..Pi)),4) od;

 

(81)

 

(81)

 

(81)

 

>

 

For  n = 99  the FOURIER series  y(x, n = 99)  represents a good approximation  

to  the above given function  g(x). 

 

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