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layout="Title" pagebreak-before="true" style="Title"><Font executable="false">Finding the Shortest Smooth Path for a Robot</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Author" style="Author"><Font bold="false" encoding="ISO8859-1" executable="false" foreground="[0,0,0]" underline="false">\251 2003 </Font>Nathan Collier, Autar Kaw, Jai Paul , Michael Keteltas
University of South Florida
kaw@eng.usf.edu
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/mws </Text-field><Text-field/><Text-field alignment="left"><Font background="[0,0,0]" family="Times New Roman" italic="true">.</Font></Text-field><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Introduction</Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Text">This worksheet demonstrates the use of Maple for finding the shortest smooth path for the path of a robot in the area of manufacturing. It illustrates how spline interpolation can be used to determine this path.</Text-field></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">The Problem</Text-field></Title><Text-field><Font background="[0,0,0]" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" size="12" underline="false">The following example illustrates the real world use of interpolation to find the shortest but smooth path of a robot. A robot arm equipped with a laser is doing a quick quality check of the radius on six holes on a rectangular plate 15" x 10". The center locations of the six holes are given as (2, 7.2), (4.25, 7.1), (5.25, 6), (7.81, 5), (9.2, 3.5), (10.6, 5). Find the shortest but smooth path for the robot from the first to the last point.</Font></Text-field></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Initialization</Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart;</Text-field></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Section I : Data</Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">The following is the data (x-y) coordinate data of the center of the six holes.</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">xy:=[[2,7.2],[4.25,7.1],[5.25,6],[7.81,5],[9.2,3.5],[10.6,5]]:</Text-field></Input></Group><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2">Plotting the data</Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">plot(xy,x=0..12,y=0..8,style=POINT,symbol=CIRCLE,symbolsize=20,title="Plot of the data points.");</Text-field></Input></Group></Section></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Section II: Linear Splines</Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">Connecting the consecutive data points using linear splines will give the shortest path. However, this path is not smooth as the derivatives will be discontinuous at the interior data points. However, this will form a baseline for other calculations in the next two sections.</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">linear_spline:=spline([2,4.25,5.25,7.81,9.2,10.6],[7.2,7.1,6,5,3.5,5],x,linear);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">The length S of a curve 'y' from 'a' to 'b' is given by <Equation input-equation="S = Int(sqrt(1+Diff(y(x),x)^2),x = a .. b);" style="2D Math">NiMvJSJTRy0lJEludEc2JC0lJXNxcnRHNiMsJiIiIkYsKiQpLSUlRGlmZkc2JC0lInlHNiMlInhHRjUiIiNGLEYsL0Y1OyUiYUclImJH</Equation>.</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">a:=2:</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">b:=10.6:</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">The length of the linear spline, 'Slinear' is :</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Slinear:= int((1+diff(linear_spline,x)^2)^0.5,x=a..b);</Text-field></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Section III: Polynomial Interpolation</Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">Since the robot has to pass through six data points, we can interpolate the data to a fifth order polynomial. Since a fifth order polynomial has continuous first derivatives, the path given by the polynomial would be smooth. The fifth order polynomial is,</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">polynomial_function:=interp([2,4.25,5.25,7.81,9.2,10.6],[7.2,7.1,6,5,3.5,5],x);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">The length of the polynomial function, 'Spoly' is :</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Spoly:= int((1+diff(polynomial_function,x)^2)^0.5,x=a..b);</Text-field></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Section IV: Spline Interpolation</Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">Clearly the length of the curve from the polynomial interpolation is larger than the length obtained from linear spline interpolation. Let us use cubic spline interpolation. Since a cubic spline interpolant has continuous first derivative, the path given by it would also be smooth.</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">cubic_spline:=spline([2,4.25,5.25,7.81,9.2,10.6],[7.2,7.1,6,5,3.5,5],x,cubic);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">The length of the cubic spline, 'Scubic' is :</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Scubic:= int((1+diff(cubic_spline,x)^2)^0.5,x=a..b);</Text-field></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Section V: Comparison</Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">Below is a plot to compare the paths obtained using linear splines, polynomial function and cubic spline :</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">linear_spline:=x-&gt;spline([2,4.25,5.25,7.81,9.2,10.6],[7.2,7.1,6,5,3.5,5],x,linear):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">polynomial_function:=x-&gt;interp([2,4.25,5.25,7.81,9.2,10.6],[7.2,7.1,6,5,3.5,5],x):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">cubic_spline:=x-&gt;spline([2,4.25,5.25,7.81,9.2,10.6],[7.2,7.1,6,5,3.5,5],x,cubic):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">plot([xy,linear_spline,polynomial_function,cubic_spline],2..10.6,0..10,style=[POINT,LINE,LINE,LINE],symbol=CIRCLE,symbolsize=20,thickness=2,title="Comparison of Linear Spline, Polynomial Function and Cubic Spline.",color=[BLACK,RED,GREEN,BLUE],legend=["Center of Holes","Linear Spline Interpolation Path", "Polynomial Interpolation Path","Cubic Spline Interpolation Path"]);</Text-field></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">Section VI: Conclusion</Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">Maple helped us to apply our knowledge of numerical methods of interpolation to find the shortest but smooth path of the robot. Using Maple functions and plotting routines made it easy to find a solution efficiently.  </Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">Can you check the length of the path by using Quadratic Splines?  Is the path shorter than what we obtained using cubic splines and fifth order polynomial interpolation?</Text-field></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1">References</Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal">[1] <Font executable="false">Autar Kaw and Michael Keteltas, Holistic Numerical Methods Institute, See http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/mws/ind/05inp/mws_ind_inp_spe_shortestpath.pdf</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"/></Section><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Text"><Font italic="true">
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