<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Worksheet><Version major="6" minor="1"/><View-Properties><Zoom percentage="100"/></View-Properties><Styles><Layout name="_pstyle256"/><Layout alignment="left" firstindent="0.0" name="Heading 3" spaceabove="0.0" spacebelow="0.0"/><Layout alignment="centred" name="Author" spaceabove="8.0" spacebelow="8.0"/><Layout alignment="left" firstindent="0.0" name="Heading 2" spaceabove="8.0" spacebelow="2.0"/><Layout alignment="left" firstindent="0.0" name="Heading 1" spaceabove="8.0" spacebelow="4.0"/><Layout name="Normal"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" italic="true" name="Heading 3" size="12"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="Heading 2" size="14"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="Heading 1" size="18"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" executable="true" family="Monospaced" foreground="[255,0,0]" name="Maple Input"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" name="Normal"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="_cstyle271"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle270"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" name="Author"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" foreground="[0,128,128]" italic="false" name="Hyperlink" underline="true"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle269"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle268"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle267"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle266"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="_cstyle265"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle264"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle263"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle262"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle261"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" italic="true" name="_cstyle260"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="_cstyle259"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="_cstyle258"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="_cstyle257"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" family="Arial" foreground="[0,0,0]" name="_cstyle256"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" family="Times New Roman" name="2D Comment" underline="false"/><Font background="[0,0,0]" bold="true" name="_pstyle256"/></Styles><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1"><Font family="Times New Roman">Quelle</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Dateiname: vektoren.mws<Font encoding="ISO8859-1">
Dateigr\366\337e: 42 KB</Font>
Name: Fabian Hust
Schule: Isolde-Kurz-Gymnasium
Klasse: 13
Datum: 29.04.99
Kategorie: Lineare Algebra / Vektoren
Thema: Vektoren<Font encoding="ISO8859-1">
Stichw\366rter: Vektoren, Vektorr\344ume, Addition, Multiplikation, Skalarprodukt, Vektorprodukt, Kreuzprodukt, Matrix, Spaltenvektor, L\344nge, Betrag, Winkel, linear, Schnitt, Parameterform, Koordinatenform
Kurzbeschreibung: Anwendungen zu Vektoren: Addition von Vektoren, Multiplikation von Vektoren mit einem Skalar, Produkt zweier Skalare, L\344nge und Betrag eines Vektors, Winkel zwischen Vektoren, Orthogonalit\344t von Vektoren, Geometrische Bedeutung des Kreuzprodukts, sind Vektoren zueinander linear, von der Parameterform zur Koordinatenform</Font></Font></Text-field></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Vektorr\344ume - Grundlagen</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(linalg):</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Wir definieren uns zun\344chst einmal zwei Vektoren (Skalare)</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=[v1x,v1y,v1z];
v2:=[v2x,v2y,v2z];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Diese Art von Vektoren nennt man </Font><Font style="_cstyle256">Zeilenvektor</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Addition" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Addition</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1+v2;</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=[1,1,1];
v2:=[2,2,2];
v1+v2;</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Multiplikation mit einem Skalar (Skalarmultiplikation)" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Multiplikation mit einem Skalar (Skalarmultiplikation)</Font></Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Mit der Skalarmultiplikation erh\344lt man ein Vielfaches eines Skalars.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">t*v1;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">t &gt; 1 : Vektor wird gestreckt
t &lt; 1 : Vektor wird gestauch</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">t &lt; 0 : Vektor wird umgedreht</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Maple multipliziert hier nicht selbst, hier helfen wir ein wenig nach:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalm(%);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Produkt zweier Skalare (Skalarprodukt)" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Produkt zweier Skalare (Skalarprodukt)</Font></Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Das '&amp;' mu\337 vor dem Malzeichen stehen, sonst kann Maple mit dem Ausdruck nichts anfangen</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1&amp;*v2;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Wie oben m\374ssen wir auch hier etwas nachhelfen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalm(%);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field bookmark="dotprod" layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">dotprod(v1,v2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field bookmark="innerprod" layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">innerprod(v1,v2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Mit dem Skalarprodukt kann man Winkel zwischen Vektoren berechnen, da gilt:</Font><Equation input-equation="cos(alpha) = a*b/(abs(a)*abs(b))" style="2D Comment">NiMvLSUkY29zRzYjJSZhbHBoYUcqKCUiYUciIiIlImJHRioqJi0lJGFic0c2I0YpRiotRi42I0YrRiohIiI=</Equation><Font family="Times New Roman">
</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Es gibt folgende Sonderf\344lle:</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Winkel = 0\260     also </Font><Equation input-equation="a*b = abs(a)*abs(b)" style="2D Comment">NiMvKiYlImFHIiIiJSJiR0YmKiYtJSRhYnNHNiNGJUYmLUYqNiNGJ0Ym</Equation><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman"> , a und b sind also linear abh\344ngig </Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Winkel = 90\260   also </Font><Equation input-equation="a*b = 0;" style="2D Comment">NiMvKiYlImFHIiIiJSJiR0YmIiIh</Equation><Font family="Times New Roman"> , a und b sind also zueinander orthogonal<Font encoding="ISO8859-1">
Winkel = 180\260 also </Font></Font><Equation input-equation="a*b = -abs(a)*abs(b);" style="2D Comment">NiMvKiYlImFHIiIiJSJiR0YmLCQqJi0lJGFic0c2I0YlRiYtRis2I0YnRiYhIiI=</Equation><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman"> , a und b sind also wieder linear abh\344ngig </Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">
Beispiel:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(geom3d):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">A:=[2,-1,5];
B:=[6,7,2];</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Winkel:=arccos(evalf(evalm((A&amp;*B)/(linalg[norm](A,2)*linalg[norm](B,2)))))*180/evalf(Pi);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Auch mit geom3d kann man den Winkel zwischen zwei Vektoren berechnen. Hierzu mu\337 man Maple jedoch etwas auf die Spr\374nge helfen, in dem man Gerade vom Ursprung zu den beiden Vektoren bildet und dann den Winkel zwischen den beiden Geraden mit </Font><Font style="_cstyle256">FindAngle</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman"> bestimmt. Auch hier mu\337 man den Wert vom Bogenma\337 in das Gradma\337 umrechnen.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">point(p0,[0,0,0]):
point(pA,A):
point(pB,B):
line(l1,[p0,pA]):
line(l2,[p0,pB]):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalf(FindAngle(l1,l2))*180/evalf(Pi);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Vektorprodukt/Kreuzprodukt" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Vektorprodukt/Kreuzprodukt</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(linalg):</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Das Kreuzprodukt (auch Vektorprodukt genannt) hat in der Mathematik in der </Font><Hyperlink family="Times New Roman" hyperlink="true" linktarget="Wks:#Geometrische Bedeutung des Kreuzprodukts" style="Hyperlink">Geometrie sehr wichtige Funktionen</Hyperlink><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">. So lassen sich zu zwei Vektoren ein orthogonaler Vektor finden, die Fl\344che und das Volumen von verschiedenen K\366rpern bestimmen. Ein Beweis des Kreuzprodukts findet sich </Font><Hyperlink family="Times New Roman" hyperlink="true" linktarget="Wks:#Geometrische Bedeutung des Kreuzprodukts" style="Hyperlink">hier</Hyperlink><Font family="Times New Roman">.</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Der zugeh\366rige Befehl hei\337t </Font><Font family="Times New Roman" style="_cstyle263">crossprod</Font><Font family="Times New Roman"> und befindet sich im Package <Font style="_cstyle264">linalg</Font>.</Font></Text-field><Text-field bookmark="crossprod" layout="Author" style="Author"><Font family="Times New Roman">crossprod(Vektor_1,Vektor_2);</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=[1,2,3];
v2:=[1,-3,2];
crossprod(v1,v2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Das Vektorprodukt ist nur f\374r dreidimensionale Vektoren definiert. F\374r andere Vektoren gilt es nicht. Weitere Regeln gibt es </Font><Hyperlink family="Times New Roman" hyperlink="true" linktarget="Wks:#Geometrische Bedeutung des Kreuzprodukts" style="Hyperlink">hier</Hyperlink><Font family="Times New Roman">.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Definition einer Matrix - Spaltenvektor" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Definition einer Matrix - Spaltenvektor</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">m1:=matrix([[a11,a12,a13],[a21,a22,a23],[a31,a32,a33]]);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Es geht auch anders, schlu\337endlich ist es Geschmackssache, wie man eine Matrix definiert:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">m1:=matrix(3,3,[a11,a12,a13,a21,a22,a23,a31,a32,a33]);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Multiplikation einer Matrix mit einem Vektor" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Multiplikation einer Matrix mit einem Vektor</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">m1&amp;*v2;</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalm(%);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Oder so:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">innerprod(m1,v2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="L\344nge, Betrag eines Vektors" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">L\344nge, Betrag eines Vektors</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(linalg):with(geom3d):</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wir definieren uns einen Vektor:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v:=[2,2,2];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Die L\344nge eines Vektors erh\344lt man, in dem man den Betrag des Vektors nimmt. Dazu zieht man die Wurzel aus der Summe der einzelnen Koordinaten im Quadrat:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">bv:=sqrt(v[1]^2+v[2]^2+v[3]^2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Oder einfacher. Man nimmt das Skalarprodukt des Vektors mit sich selbst und zieht daraus die Wurzel:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">bv:=sqrt(evalm(v&amp;*v));</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Maple hat einen eigenen Befehl, um von einem Vektor den Betrag zu nehmen. Er befindet sich im Package <Font style="_cstyle268">linalg</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1"> und hei\337t </Font><Font style="_cstyle267">norm</Font>:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">bv:=linalg[norm](v,2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Wer die L\344nge eines Vektors unbedingt mit </Font><Font family="Times New Roman" style="_cstyle269">geom3d</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman"> berechnen will, der kann zwei Punkte bilden, n\344mlich den Vektor und den Ursprung und dann mit dem Befehl </Font><Font family="Times New Roman" style="_cstyle270">distance</Font><Font family="Times New Roman"> den Abstand dieser zwei Punkte berechnen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">point(p1,v):
point(p2,[0,0,0]):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">bv:=distance(p1,p2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Winkel zwischen zwei Vektoren" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Winkel zwischen zwei Vektoren</Font></Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wenn man den Winkel zwischen zwei Vektoren berechnen will gilt die Formel:</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="2D Comment"><Equation input-equation="cos(alpha) = a*b/(abs(a)*abs(b));" style="2D Comment">NiMvLSUkY29zRzYjJSZhbHBoYUcqKCUiYUciIiIlImJHRioqJi0lJGFic0c2I0YpRiotRi42I0YrRiohIiI=</Equation></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Man ben\366tigt also das Skalarprodukt.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(geom3d):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">A:=[2,-1,5];
B:=[6,7,2];</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Winkel:=arccos(evalf(evalm((A&amp;*B)/(linalg[norm](A,2)*linalg[norm](B,2)))))*180/evalf(Pi);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Auch mit geom3d kann man den Winkel zwischen zwei Vektoren berechnen. Hierzu mu\337 man Maple jedoch etwas auf die Spr\374nge helfen, in dem man Gerade vom Ursprung zu den beiden Vektoren bildet und dann den Winkel zwischen den beiden Geraden mit </Font><Font family="Times New Roman" style="_cstyle266">FindAngle</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman"> bestimmt. Auch hier mu\337 man den Wert vom Bogenma\337 in das Gradma\337 umrechnen.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">point(p0,[0,0,0]):
point(pA,A):
point(pB,B):
line(l1,[p0,pA]):
line(l2,[p0,pB]):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalf(FindAngle(l1,l2))*180/evalf(Pi);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Orthogonalit\344t von Vektoren" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Orthogonalit\344t von Vektoren</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Zu dem Vektor...</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=[2,5,3];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">...soll ein zweiter Vektor gefunden werden, der orthogonal zu dem ersten Vektor ist:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v2:=[ax,ay,az];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Wegen cos(90)=0, mu\337 folgende Gleichung gelten (Das Skalarprodukt mu\337 0 sein, dann ist zwischen zwei Vektoren ein rechter Winkel):</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">gl:=v1&amp;*v2=0;</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalm(gl);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wir suchen nach Zahlen, die passen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">ax:=4: ay:=-1: az:=-1:</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalm(gl);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Geometrische Bedeutung des Kreuzprodukts" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Geometrische Bedeutung des Kreuzprodukts</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:
interface(warnlevel=0):
with(plots):with(geom3d):with(linalg):</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field bookmark="Rechtssystem" layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman" style="_cstyle258">Rechtssystem</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">: Dreht man den ersten Faktor des Kreuzprodukts auf dem k\374rzesten Weg zum zweiten Faktor, so zeigt der Vektor c in die Richtung, in die sich eine Rechtsschraube bewegen w\374rde.</Font><Font family="Times New Roman" style="_cstyle259">
Das Kreuzprodukt ist nicht kommutativ, d.h. die Vektoren sind nicht vertauschbar!</Font><Font family="Times New Roman">
Dies kann uns auch Maple sagen.
Es gilt: </Font><Equation input-equation="abs(a)*x*abs(b) = abs(a)*abs(b)*sin(alpha);" style="2D Comment">NiMvKigtJSRhYnNHNiMlImFHIiIiJSJ4R0YpLUYmNiMlImJHRikqKEYlRilGK0YpLSUkc2luRzYjJSZhbHBoYUdGKQ==</Equation></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Dabei erh\344lt man auf beiden Seiten die <Font style="_cstyle265">Fl\344che</Font></Font><Font family="Times New Roman">, die die beiden Vektoren aufspannen!    </Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">a:=[1,2,3]:b:=[2,3,4]:</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">crossprod(a,b)=crossprod(b,a);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalb(crossprod(a,b)=crossprod(b,a));</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Aber es gilt daf\374r </Font><Equation input-equation="axb = -b*x;" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSRheGJHLCQqJiUiYkciIiIlInhHRighIiI=</Equation><Font family="Times New Roman"> :</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">crossprod(a,b)=evalm(-crossprod(b,a));</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">(Aus irgendeinem mir nicht verst\344ndlichen Grund, klappt hier der Befel </Font><Font family="Times New Roman" style="_cstyle260">evalb</Font><Font family="Times New Roman"> nicht. Vielleicht kann mir ja jemand helfen?</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Es gibt folgende <Font encoding="ISO8859-1" style="_cstyle257">Sonderf\344lle</Font>:</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Equation input-equation="axb = a*b;" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSRheGJHKiYlImFHIiIiJSJiR0Yn</Equation><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">  f\374r a ist orthogonal auf b</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Equation input-equation="axb = 0;" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSRheGJHIiIh</Equation><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">  f\374r a ist parallel zu b</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Vektorprodukt mit Beweis und Winkelberechnung" layout="Heading 3" style="Heading 3"><Font family="Times New Roman">Vektorprodukt mit Beweis und Winkelberechnung</Font></Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Gegeben sind zwei Vektoren a und b. Wie sieht c aus?</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:
interface(warnlevel=0):
with(plots):with(geom3d):with(linalg):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">a:=[1,2,3];
b:=[-2,1,-3];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Den Vektor c erh\344lt man, indem man das Kreuzprodukt von a und b nimmt:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">c:=crossprod(a,b);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">c_Betrag:=norm(c,2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Den Betrag des Vektor c erh\344lt man, in dem man die Komponenten Quadriert und anschlie\337end die Wurzel zieht und sie miteinander multipliziert:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Betrag_c:=sqrt((sqrt(Ax^2+Ay^2)*sqrt(Bx^2+By^2)));</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Betrag_c:=sqrt(sqrt(c[1]^2+c[2]^2+c[3]^2)*sqrt(c[1]^2+c[2]^2+c[3]^2));</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wesentlich einfacher geht's mit dem Betrag nehmen dank des Befehls <Font style="_cstyle261">norm</Font> aus dem <Font style="_cstyle262">linalg</Font>-Package (siehe oben).</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Den Winkel den die beiden Vektoren a und b bilden, erh\344lt man, indem man das Vektorprodukt durch den Betrag des Vektorprodukts teilt:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">ab:=norm(a,2);
bb:=norm(b,2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">cos_alpha:=arccos(sqrt((evalm(a&amp;*b)/evalm(ab*bb))^2));</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Winkel_Bogenmass:=evalf(cos_alpha);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Der Winkel mu\337 noch vom Bogenma\337 in die Grad-Einheit umgewandelt werden:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Winkel:=Winkel_Bogenmass*180/evalf(Pi);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Auch mit geom3d kann man den Winkel zwischen zwei Vektoren berechnen. Hierzu mu\337 man Maple jedoch etwas auf die Spr\374nge helfen, in dem man Gerade vom Ursprung zu den beiden Vektoren bildet und dann den Winkel zwischen den beiden Geraden mit </Font><Font style="_cstyle256">FindAngle</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman"> bestimmt. Auch hier mu\337 man den Wert vom Bogenma\337 in das Gradma\337 umrechnen.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">point(p0,[0,0,0]):
point(pA,a):
point(pB,b):
line(l1,[p0,pA]):
line(l2,[p0,pB]):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Winkel:=evalf(FindAngle(l1,l2))*180/evalf(Pi);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Als <Font style="_cstyle271">Beweis</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1"> f\374r das Vektorprodukt gilt:</Font></Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">|axb|=ab * sin(</Font><Equation input-equation="alpha;" style="2D Comment">NiMlJmFscGhhRw==</Equation><Font family="Times New Roman">)</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Betrag_a:=sqrt(a[1]^2+a[2]^2+a[3]^2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">Betrag_b:=sqrt(b[1]^2+b[2]^2+b[3]^2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Wir m\374ssen als Winkel nat\374rlich wieder den Wert im Bogenma\337 einsetzen, sonst gibt es Schwierigkeiten:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">T1:=evalf(norm(crossprod(a,b),2));</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">T2:=Betrag_a*Betrag_b*sin(Winkel_Bogenmass);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Stimmt ziemlich genau \374berein!</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Sind zwei Vektoren orthogonal oder parallel zueinander?" layout="Heading 3" style="Heading 3"><Font family="Times New Roman">Sind zwei Vektoren orthogonal oder parallel zueinander?</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(geom3d):with(linalg):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">a:=[1,2,3];
b:=[2,4,6];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">F\374r die Orthogonalit\344t gilt: </Font><Equation input-equation="axb = a*b;" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSRheGJHKiYlImFHIiIiJSJiR0Yn</Equation></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalb(norm(crossprod(a,b),2)=evalm(a&amp;*b));</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">F\374r die Parallelit\344t gilt: </Font><Equation input-equation="axb = 0;" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSRheGJHIiIh</Equation></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalb(norm(crossprod(a,b),2)=0);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wie man es den Vektorenwerten schon ansieht, sind sie parallel zueinander.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Sind Vektoren zueinander linear?" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Sind Vektoren zueinander linear?</Font></Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Ein Vektor ist linear zu einem anderen Vektor, wenn er das n-fache des ersten Vektors ist:</Font></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wir definieren uns zwei Vektoren:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=[2,3,1];
v2:=[4,6,2];
# v2:=[5,6,2];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wir stellen uns ein Gleichungssystem auf. Dabei soll ein Skalar gefunden werden, der mit dem ersten Vektor multipliziert den zweiten Vektor ergibt:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">gls:=student[equate](v1*Skalar,v2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Wir l\366sen die "Gleichungen" nach "Skalar" auf:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">for i from 1 to nops(gls) do sk||i:=solve(gls[i],Skalar) od;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Und \374berpr\374fen, ob der Skalar f\374r x, y und z gleich ist. Wenn ja, sind die Vektoren linear zueinander.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">if op(sk1)=op(sk2) and op(sk2)=op(sk3) then `Die Vektoren sind linear zueinander` else `Die Vektoren sind nicht linear zueinander` fi;</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1"><Font family="Times New Roman">Vektorgleichungen</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=[v1x,v1y,v1z];
v2:=[v2x,v2y,v2z];
v3:=[v3x,v3y,v3z];
v4:=[v4x,v4y,v4z];</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Schnitt von zwei Geraden" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Schnitt von zwei Geraden</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(linalg):</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Gegeben sind zwei Geradengleichungen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">y=3*x+2;
y=-x+1;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Diese m\374ssen wir in eine Matrix umwandeln. Dazu l\366sen wir zun\344chst so auf, da\337 die ??? rechts steht.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">2=-3*x+y;
1=x+y;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Aus den Koeffizienten erstellen wir die matrix:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">m:=matrix(2,2,[-3,1,1,1]);</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Text-field bookmark="det" layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Daraus berechnen wir uns die Determinante (-3*1-1*1):</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">determinante:=det(m);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Nun ben\366tigen wir Dx und Dy. Dazu ersetzen wir jeweils die x- oder y-Spalte mit der linken Seite der obigen Gleichung:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">m:=matrix(2,2,[2,1,1,1]);
detneu:=det(m);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Die Determinante der 2x2-Matrix m\374ssen wir jetzt noch durch die Determinante von oben teilen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">detneu/determinante;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Das gleiche machen wir jetzt f\374r Dy:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">m:=matrix(2,2,[-3,1,2,1]);
detneu:=det(m);
detneu/determinante;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Der Schnittpunkt lautet also S(Dx|Dy) also S(-1/4|5/4).</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Mit Maple:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">g:=evalm(v1+t*v2);
h:=evalm(v3+s*v4);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wir stellen und ein Gleichungssystem auf</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">lgs:=student[equate](g,h);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">solve(lgs,{s,t,v1z});</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Mit </Font><Font style="_cstyle256">geom3d</Font><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman"> geht es nat\374rlich auch:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(geom3d):
point(p1,[0,0,0]):
point(p2,[3,3,3]):
point(p3,[1,2,2]):
point(p4,[4,4,4]):
line(l1,[p1,p2]):
line(l2,[p3,p4]):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field bookmark="intersection" layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">intersection(Schnittp,l1,l2):
coordinates(Schnittp);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Von der Parameterform zur Koordinatenform" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Von der Parameterform zur Koordinatenform</Font></Text-field></Title><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Die Parameterform hat die Form: </Font><Equation input-equation="x = p+t*a;" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSJ4RywmJSJwRyIiIiomJSJ0R0YnJSJhR0YnRic=</Equation></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Punktrichtungsform: </Font><Equation input-equation="x = p+t*a;" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSJ4RywmJSJwRyIiIiomJSJ0R0YnJSJhR0YnRic=</Equation></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Zweipunkteform: </Font><Equation input-equation="x = p+t*(q-p);" style="2D Comment">NiMvJSJ4RywmJSJwRyIiIiomJSJ0R0YnLCYlInFHRidGJiEiIkYnRic=</Equation><Font family="Times New Roman">
Normalenform: </Font><Equation input-equation="n*(x-p) = 0;" style="2D Comment">NiMvKiYlIm5HIiIiLCYlInhHRiYlInBHISIiRiYiIiE=</Equation></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Hessesche Normalenform: </Font><Equation input-equation="n[0]*(x-p) = 0;" style="2D Comment">NiMvKiYmJSJuRzYjIiIhIiIiLCYlInhHRiklInBHISIiRilGKA==</Equation></Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" style="_cstyle257"><Font family="Times New Roman">Normalenform der Ebene siehe Ebene/Normalenform, Umwandlung in Koordinatenform!</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(geom3d):
P:=[1,2,3];
v:=[4,1,1];
u:=[-2,-1,1];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Die Ebenengleichung in der Parameterform lautet dann:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">E1:=P+s*u+t*v;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wir lassen uns die Einzelgleichungen ausgeben:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">erg:=student[equate]([x,y,z],E1);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Damit wir uns ein Gleichungssystem aufstellen k\366nnen, definieren wir uns daraus drei Gleichungen.</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">for i from 1 to nops(erg) do gle1||i:= erg[i] od;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Wir l\366sen nach s und t auf:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">s:=solve(gle11,s);
t:=solve(gle12,t);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Wir setzen ein und erhalten die Koordinatenform:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">gle13;
KF:=-x+3*y+z-8;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Oder mit geom3d:
Wir definieren uns die Ebene:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">plane(e1,gle13,[x,y,z]):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">detail(e1);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">erg:=sort(Equation(e1,[x,y,z]),[x,y,z]);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 1" style="Heading 1"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Vektorr\344ume - Beispiele</Font></Text-field></Title><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Addition zweier Vektoren" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Addition zweier Vektoren</Font></Text-field></Title><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="_pstyle256" style="_pstyle256"><Font family="Times New Roman">3D</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(plots):with(plottools):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=matrix(3,1,[1,2,4]);
v2:=matrix(3,1,[3,4,-2]);
</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v3:=evalm(v1+v2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Das Ganze k\366nnen wir jetzt noch graphisch darstellen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">pf1:=arrow([0,0,0],[op(1,entries(v1)[1]),op(1,entries(v1)[2]),op(1,entries(v1)[3])], .1, .3, .1, color=blue):
pf2:=arrow([0,0,0],[op(1,entries(v2)[1]),op(1,entries(v2)[2]),op(1,entries(v1)[3])], .1, .3, .1, color=blue):
pf3:=arrow([0,0,0],[op(1,entries(v3)[1]),op(1,entries(v3)[2]),op(1,entries(v1)[3])], .1, .3, .1, color=red):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">display(pf1,pf2,pf3,orientation=[-16,100],axes=boxed,labels=[`x-Achse`,`y-Achse`,`z-Achse`],title=`Addition zweier 3D-Vektoren`);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 3" style="Heading 3"><Font family="Times New Roman">2D</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(plots):with(plottools):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=matrix(2,1,[1,2]);
v2:=matrix(2,1,[3,4]);
</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v3:=evalm(v1+v2);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Das Ganze k\366nnen wir jetzt noch graphisch darstellen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">pf1:=arrow([0,0],[op(1,entries(v1)[1]),op(1,entries(v1)[2])], .1, .3, .1, color=blue):
pf2:=arrow([0,0],[op(1,entries(v2)[1]),op(1,entries(v2)[2])], .1, .3, .1, color=blue):
pf3:=arrow([0,0],[op(1,entries(v3)[1]),op(1,entries(v3)[2])], .1, .3, .1, color=red):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">display(pf1,pf2,pf3,axes=boxed,scaling=constrained,labels=[`x-Achse`,`y-Achse`],title=`Addition zweier 2D-Vektoren`);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Skalarmultiplikation</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v1:=matrix(3,1,[1,2,3]);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">v2:=evalm(t*v1);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">t:=3;
v2:=evalm(t*v1);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="Die Gerade (Parameterform)" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">Die Gerade (Parameterform)</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Parameterfom: Aufpunkt + Parameter * Richtung</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">vg:=vg0+t*v;</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Durch das Ver\344ndern der Komponenten, kann man die Eigenschaften der Geraden beeinflussen:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"># vg:=vg0+t*(2*v);  doppelt so lang, aber gleiche Gerade
# vg:=vg0-v;  entgegengesetzte Richtung, aber gleiche Gerade</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Beispiel:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">vg0:=matrix(3,1,[1,2,3]);
v:=matrix(3,1,[2,4,7]);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">evalm(vg);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">vg0:=matrix(3,1,[3,6,10]);
v:=matrix(3,1,[2,4,7]);
evalm(vg);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">vg0:=matrix(3,1,[1,2,3]);
v:=matrix(3,1,[4,8,14]);
evalm(vg);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field bookmark="P(1|2|3), Q(-1|3|2), g durch P und Q?" layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">P(1|2|3), Q(-1|3|2), g durch P und Q?</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(geom3d):with(plots):</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Definieren der zwei Vektoren:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">P:=[1,2,3];
Q:=[-3,1,2];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Um die Gerade zu erhalten, ben\366tigen wir die Zweipunkteform (ZPF)</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">xv:=evalm(P+t*(Q-P));</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Die Faktoren vor 't' ergeben den neuen Vektor:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">g:=[-4,-1,-1];</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font encoding="ISO8859-1" family="Times New Roman">Die \374berpr\374fen wir jetzt noch im Plot:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">opt:=symbol=circle,color=red:
point(pp,P):
point(pq,Q):
point(d1,g):
point(d2,[1,2,3]):
line(gl,[d1,d2]):</Text-field><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">p1:=display(draw({pp,pq}),opt):
p2:=draw(gl):
display(p1,p2,title=`Gerade durch zwei Punkte`);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 3" style="Heading 3"><Font family="Times New Roman">Einfache Kontolle durch Maple</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(plots):with(geom3d):</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">P:=[1,2,3]:
Q:=[-3,1,2]:
opt:=symbol=circle,color=red:
point(pp,P):
point(pq,Q):
line(l1,[pp,pq]):
p1:=display(draw({pp,pq}),opt):
p2:=draw(l1):
display(p1,p2,title=`Gerade durch zwei Punkte`);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Section collapsed="true"><Title><Text-field layout="Heading 2" style="Heading 2"><Font family="Times New Roman">n=(-2,-1,1), h durch P(1|2|3) mit u</Font></Text-field></Title><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">restart:with(geom3d):with(plots):</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Definieren des Punktes und des Vektors:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">P:=matrix(3,1,[1,2,3]);
n:=matrix(3,1,[-2,-1,1]);
</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Einsetzen in die Punktrichtungsform x=p+t*a</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">glx:=evalm(n)+evalm(t*(evalm(P)));</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">glxe:=evalm(glx);</Text-field></Input></Group><Text-field layout="Normal" style="Normal"><Font family="Times New Roman">Aufstellen eines Gleichungssystems:</Font></Text-field><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">t1:=x=-2+t;
t2:=y=-1+2*t;
t3:=z=1+3*t;</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">solve({t1,t2,t3},{x,y,z,t});</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">fkt:=t-&gt;-1+2*t;</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input">opt:=symbol=CIRCLE,color=red:
point(pp,[-2,-1,2]):
point(pq,[1,2,3]):
p1:=display(draw({pp,pq}), opt):
g:=plot3d(fkt,t=-1110..1110,z=-1110..1110,thickness=10):
display(p1,g);</Text-field></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Group><Input><Text-field layout="Normal" prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input"/></Input></Group></Section><Text-field/></Worksheet>