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<Text-field style="Title" layout="Title">Juegos de Probabilidad: La Paradoja de Parrondo</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Author" italic="true" layout="Author"><Font encoding="UTF-8" italic="true">Sobre c\303\263mo dos juegos perdedore pueden resultar en uno ganador.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Author" layout="Author"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Mario Merino Mart\303\255nez
E.T.S.Ingenieros Aeron\303\241uticos, U.P.M.
Madrid, Espa\303\261a</Font>
(email: mariomerinomartinez@gmail.com)</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Introducci\303\263n:</Font></Text-field></Title>
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<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Esta hoja de Maple 10 pretende ser un an\303\241lisis completo de la Paradoja de Parrondo, de la probabilidad y de los juegos, en una de sus variantes originales, en la cual se establece lo siguiente: si tenemos dos juegos, A y B, injustos, muy desfavorables para uno de los jugadores (m\303\241s probabilidades de perder que de ganar), es posible que jugando de una manera alternativa (incluso aleatoria) a ambos juegos, dicho jugador salga ganando con una clara ventaja en el largo plazo. La paradoja fue continuada y desarrollada en 1999 por Harmer y Abbott, tras haberla descubierto Juan MR Parrondo originalmente en 1996.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">La paradoja de Parrondo adem\303\241s mantiene su relevancia en la actualidad, pues podr\303\255a desempe\303\261ar un curioso papel en las teor\303\255as de los or\303\255genes de la vida, seg\303\272n Paul Davies, las cuales requieren, al parecer, una combinaci\303\263n acertada de azar y necesidad: los juegos probabil\303\255sticos, en este campo, proporcionan un modelo sencillo con el cual analizar estas probabilidades.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">A continuaci\303\263n se introduce el tema y ambos juegos, tras lo cual se comprueba su caracter desfavorable por separado. Despu\303\251s, de forma interactiva, se permite conjugar ambos juegos de distintas formas, para observar los resultados. Se pretende demostrar as\303\255 la afirmaci\303\263n de Parrondo gr\303\241fica. Por \303\272ltimo, se realiza un an\303\241lisis probabil\303\255stico de los juegos combinados, hallando los valores l\303\255mites para los cuales se observa el fen\303\263meno.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Para ver los resultados de la hoja, simplemente elije la opci\303\263n Execute|Worksheet del men\303\272 Edit del Maple. Todos los comandos y programas son editables, lo que permite investigar nuevas posibilidades y comportamientos de los juegos.</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
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</Section>
<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Fundamentos Te\303\263ricos:</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">La paradoja de Parrondo se basa en el efecto compensador y rectificador que ejerce un juego sobre el otro. Este efecto se conoce como <Font encoding="UTF-8" italic="true">ratchet (del ingl\303\251s, rueda dentada que s\303\263lo permite el giro de avance en una direcci\303\263n. Se usan, por ejemplo, en relojes de mu\303\261eca, para dar cuerda al mecanismo aprovechando los movimientos aleatorios del brazo del usuario), </Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">y tiene relaci\303\263n con el movimiento browniano de una part\303\255cula sumergida en un fluido (movimieto ca\303\263tico y azaroso): si dejaramos actuar a ambos juegos por separado, ambos tendr\303\255an fluctuaciones de ganancias/p\303\251rdidas por su cuenta, y una tendencia a la p\303\251rdida, ya que son desfavorables. Sin embargo, combinados se anulan las fluctuaciones de p\303\251rdidas (en gran medida), y prevalecen las ganancias, haciendo que la uni\303\263n de ambos sea favorable.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field><Table randomized="false" postexecute="insert" showgroup="true" exterior="all" showinput="true" width="100%" interior="group" alignment="left" pagebreak="cell" order="row" showlabel="true"><Table-Column separator="true" weight="100"></Table-Column><Table-Row align="top" separator="true"><Table-Cell columnspan="1" rowspan="1">
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">&quot;Juguemos a dos juegos concretos justos inicialmente, pero modific\303\241ndolos con una desventaja para m\303\255, esto es, que mis probabilidades de ganar sean bastante menores que las tuyas en cada juego por separado. S\303\263lo te pido una cosa: que me dejes elegir a qu\303\251 juego de los dos jugar cada vez, o al menos que vayamos alternando sucesivamente. Te aseguro que el resultado no ser\303\241 el que t\303\272 cre\303\255as&quot;</Font></Text-field></Table-Cell></Table-Row></Table>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">As\303\255, el efecto ganador se produce sin necesidad de ventajas ning\303\272n juego: solamente esperando a que se produzcan las fluctuaciones adecuadas <Font italic="true">(como en los relojes de mu\303\261eca de arriba: no es necesario ejercer ninguna fuerza para obtener un movimiento, sino que basta con esperar a los movimientos convenientes, aleatorios, del brazo, descartando los otros)</Font></Font>.</Text-field>
<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Los Juegos</Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Hasta ahora, no hemos impuesto ninguna condici\303\263n a los juegos A y B con los que vamos a demostrar la paradoja de Parrondo, salvo que sean claramente desfavorables por separado. A continuaci\303\263n definimos un par de juegos, que se corresponden con el primer ejemplo que se descubri\303\263 que produc\303\255a este efecto inesperado. Recientemente se han establecido otras parejas de juegos, como juegos que no dependen del capital (ver a continuaci\303\263n), o juegos colectivos.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Se define el <Font italic="true">Capital</Font> del jugador, <Font bold="true" italic="true">C</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">, que inicialmente ser\303\241 0, sin p\303\251rdida de generalidad. N\303\263tese que en las definiciones de los juegos que siguen, las cantidades de capital son siempre enteras, por lo tanto este n\303\272mero siempre permanecer\303\241 en \342\204\244. En lo que sigue, \316\265 es un n\303\272mero positivo (peque\303\261o):</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Heading 3" layout="Heading 3" bullet="dot">Juego A:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Heading 3" layout="Heading 3" leftmargin="10"><Font style="Text">Sea una moneda trucada (Moneda 1), en la que tengamos </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;g&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;=&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0.5&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;))">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</Equation><Font style="Text"> de probabilidades de ganar, y por tanto un </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0.5&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;))">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEhRicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjcvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGNy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRicvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR1EuWzI1NSwyNTUsMjU1XUYnLyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y3LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNy8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y3LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjcvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjcvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y3LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRicvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkMvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjEvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjQtSSNtbkdGJDY5USQwLjVGJ0YvRjJGNS9GOUY3RjtGPUY/RkFGREZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuL0ZpblEnbm9ybWFsRidGW28tSSNtb0dGJDYzUScmcGx1cztGJy8lJWZvcm1HUSZpbmZpeEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHRjcvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjcvJSdsc3BhY2VHUTBtZWRpdW1tYXRoc3BhY2VGJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGYXAvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGNy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGNy8lKG1heHNpemVHUSlpbmZpbml0eUYnLyUobWluc2l6ZUdRIjFGJy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRjcvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y3LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y3LyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR0ZXLyUlc2l6ZUdGNC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHRkMvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR0ZGLUYsNjlRLSZ2YXJlcHNpbG9uO0YnRi9GMkY1RmFvRjtGPUY/RkFGREZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuRmJvRltvLUZlbzYzUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RidGaG9GW3BGXXAvRmBwUTJ2ZXJ5dGhpbm1hdGhzcGFjZUYnL0ZjcEZjckZkcEZmcEZocEZbcUZecUZgcUZicUZkcUZmcUZocUZqcQ==</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8" style="Text">de perder. Cada ganancia nos aporta 1 \342\202\254 a nuestro capital, y cada p\303\251rdida nos resta 1 \342\202\254.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Heading 3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Heading 3" layout="Heading 3" bullet="dot">Juego B:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3" leftmargin="10"><Font bold="false" italic="false">Sean dos monedas trucadas distintas: Una (Moneda 2) tiene una probabilidad de ganar </Font><Font bold="false" italic="true">p. </Font><Font bold="false" italic="false">La otra (Moneda 3), cuenta con una probabilidad de ganar </Font><Font bold="false" italic="true">q</Font><Font bold="false" italic="false">. Si el capital </Font><Font italic="true" bold="true">C</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false"> del jugador no es m\303\272ltiplo de 3, lanzamos la moneda 2. En los otros casos, lanzaremos la moneda 3. De nuevo, cada ganancia nos aporta 1 \342\202\254 a nuestro capital, y cada p\303\251rdida nos resta 1 \342\202\254.</Font></Text-field>
<Group labelreference="L24" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" leftmargin="10">En lo que sigue, tomaremos <Font italic="true">p</Font><Font executable="false" style="2D Input"> = 0.75 - <Font encoding="UTF-8">\316\265; y </Font></Font><Font italic="true">q</Font><Font executable="false" style="2D Input"> = 0.1 - </Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">\316\265.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" leftmargin="10"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3"><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false">Es f\303\241cil comprobar que </Font><Font bold="false" italic="true">A</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false"> es desfavorable si \316\265 es mayor que 0 (</Font><Font bold="false" italic="true">a &lt; 0</Font><Font bold="false" italic="false">, siendo</Font><Font bold="false" italic="true"> </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;a&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;=&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0.5&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;))), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\213\205&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0.5&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYrLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEiYUYnLyUnZmFtaWx5R1EwVGltZXN+TmV3flJvbWFuRicvJSVzaXplR1EjMTJGJy8lJWJvbGRHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqdW5kZXJsaW5lR0Y3LyUqc3Vic2NyaXB0R0Y3LyUsc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EoWzAsMCwwXUYnLyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdRLlsyNTUsMjU1LDI1NV1GJy8lJ29wYXF1ZUdGNy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRjcvJSlyZWFkb25seUdGNy8lKWNvbXBvc2VkR0Y3LyUqY29udmVydGVkR0Y3LyUraW1zZWxlY3RlZEdGNy8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0Y3LyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUqbWF0aGNvbG9yR0ZDLyUvbWF0aGJhY2tncm91bmRHRkYvJStmb250ZmFtaWx5R0YxLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lKW1hdGhzaXplR0Y0LUkjbW9HRiQ2M1EiPUYnLyUlZm9ybUdRJmluZml4RicvJSZmZW5jZUdGNy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRL3RoaWNrbWF0aHNwYWNlRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmpvLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjcvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjcvJShtYXhzaXplR1EpaW5maW5pdHlGJy8lKG1pbnNpemVHUSIxRicvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y3LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNy8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdGVy8lJXNpemVHRjQvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR0ZDLyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi1GXm82M1ExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRmFvRmRvRmZvL0Zpb1EwbWVkaXVtbWF0aHNwYWNlRicvRlxwRmlxRl1wRl9wRmFwRmRwRmdwRmlwRltxRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYjLUYjNiUtSSNtbkdGJDY5USQwLjVGJ0YvRjJGNS9GOUY3RjtGPUY/RkFGREZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuL0ZpblEnbm9ybWFsRidGW28tRl5vNjNRKCZtaW51cztGJ0Zhb0Zkb0Zmb0ZocUZqcUZdcEZfcEZhcEZkcEZncEZpcEZbcUZdcUZfcUZhcUZjcS1GLDY5US0mdmFyZXBzaWxvbjtGJ0YvRjJGNUZkckY7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZlckZbby1GXm82M1EnJnNkb3Q7RidGYW9GZG9GZm9GaHFGanFGXXBGX3BGYXBGZHBGZ3BGaXBGW3FGXXFGX3FGYXFGY3EtRmFyNjlGZnBGL0YyRjVGZHJGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GZXJGW28tRl5vNjNRJyZwbHVzO0YnRmFvRmRvRmZvRmhxRmpxRl1wRl9wRmFwRmRwRmdwRmlwRltxRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxLUZccjYjLUYjNiVGYHJGYnNGanItRiw2OVEhRidGL0YyRjVGOEY7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZobkZbbw==</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false"> la esperanza matem\303\241tica a ganar). Sin embargo, el caso de </Font><Font bold="false" italic="true">B</Font><Font bold="false" italic="false"> no es tan evidente. Estudiemos este juego:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3"><Font bold="false" italic="false">Llamemos </Font><Font bold="false" italic="true">b</Font><Font bold="false" italic="false"> a la esperanza de ganar en un turno cualquiera con el juego </Font><Font bold="false" italic="true">B</Font><Font bold="false" italic="false">. </Font><Font italic="true" bold="true">C</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false"> puede tomar cualquier valor entero, pero \303\251ste es un juego din\303\241mico y no podemos decir que las probabilidades de que sea m\303\272ltiplo de 3 en una jugada cualquiera sean 1/3, ya que depende del capital de la jugada anterior y si de ganamos o perdemos. Si consideramos tres estados distintos del capital, seg\303\272n su multiplicidad, podemos proceder como sigue:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3"><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false">Las probabilidades de estado pueden verse representadas en la siguiente matriz. \303\211sta, da las probabilidades de que en la jugada </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;n&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;))">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</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false"> nuestro capital sea m\303\272ltiplo de 3</Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;(&quot;, form = &quot;prefix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))">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</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false">), que sea m\303\272ltiplo de 3 m\303\241s 1</Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;))">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEhRicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjcvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGNy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRicvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR1EuWzI1NSwyNTUsMjU1XUYnLyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y3LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNy8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y3LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjcvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjcvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y3LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRicvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkMvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjEvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjQtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiMtRiM2JUYrLUklbXN1YkdGJDYmLUYsNjlRInBGJ0YvRjJGNUY4RjtGPUY/RkFGREZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuRmhuRltvLUkjbW5HRiQ2OVEiMUYnRi9GMkY1L0Y5RjdGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm4vRmluUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Zbby8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjdGKy1JI21vR0YkNjNRIixGJy8lJWZvcm1HUSZpbmZpeEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHRjcvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjovJSdsc3BhY2VHUSQwZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRM3Zlcnl0aGlja21hdGhzcGFjZUYnLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjcvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjcvJShtYXhzaXplR1EpaW5maW5pdHlGJy8lKG1pbnNpemVHRltwLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHRlcvJSVzaXplR0Y0LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdGQy8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkYtRmVwNjNRMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJ0ZocEZbcS9GXnFGNy9GYHFRL3RoaWNrbWF0aHNwYWNlRicvRmNxRmFzRmVxRmdxRmlxRlxyRl5yRmByRmJyRmRyRmZyRmhyRmpy</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false">\303\263 que sea m\303\272ltiplo de 3 m\303\241s 2 (</Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;2&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;)&quot;, form = &quot;postfix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;))">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEhRicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjcvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGNy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRicvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR1EuWzI1NSwyNTUsMjU1XUYnLyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y3LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNy8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y3LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjcvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjcvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y3LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRicvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkMvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjEvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjQtSSVtc3ViR0YkNiYtRiw2OVEicEYnRi9GMkY1RjhGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GaG5GW28tSSNtbkdGJDY5USIyRidGL0YyRjUvRjlGN0Y7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbi9GaW5RJ25vcm1hbEYnRltvLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRicvJSxwbGFjZWhvbGRlckdGN0YrLUkjbW9HRiQ2M1EiKUYnLyUlZm9ybUdRKHBvc3RmaXhGJy8lJmZlbmNlR0Y6LyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y3LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EudGhpbm1hdGhzcGFjZUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EydmVyeXRoaW5tYXRoc3BhY2VGJy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y6LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobWF4c2l6ZUdRKWluZmluaXR5RicvJShtaW5zaXplR1EiMUYnLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHRlcvJSVzaXplR0Y0LyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdGQy8lK2JhY2tncm91bmRHRkY=</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8" bold="false" italic="false">, en funci\303\263n de las probabilidades del valor del capital en la jugada anterior (que a su vez depender\303\255an de la jugada anterior a \303\251sa, a partir de la misma matriz, en cadena, etc), considerando las probabilidades de llegar a un estado a partir de otro (ganando o perdiendo):</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3"><Font bold="false" italic="false">		</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" bold="true" italic="true" layout="Heading 3" alignment="centred"><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot;[&quot;, form = &quot;prefix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mtable(Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;n&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)))), Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;n&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)))), Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;2&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;n&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;]&quot;, form = &quot;postfix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;=&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot;[&quot;, form = &quot;prefix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mtable(Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;))), Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfrac(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;4&quot;), linethickness = &quot;1&quot;, denomalign = &quot;center&quot;, numalign = &quot;center&quot;, bevelled = &quot;false&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;))), Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfrac(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;3&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;4&quot;), linethickness = &quot;1&quot;, denomalign = &quot;center&quot;, numalign = &quot;center&quot;, bevelled = &quot;false&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;)))), Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfrac(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;10&quot;), linethickness = &quot;1&quot;, denomalign = &quot;center&quot;, numalign = &quot;center&quot;, bevelled = &quot;false&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;))), Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;))), Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfrac(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;)), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;4&quot;), linethickness = &quot;1&quot;, denomalign = &quot;center&quot;, numalign = &quot;center&quot;, bevelled = &quot;false&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;)))), Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfrac(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;9&quot;)), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;10&quot;), linethickness = &quot;1&quot;, denomalign = &quot;center&quot;, numalign = &quot;center&quot;, bevelled = &quot;false&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;))), Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfrac(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;3&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;)), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;4&quot;), linethickness = &quot;1&quot;, denomalign = &quot;center&quot;, numalign = &quot;center&quot;, bevelled = &quot;false&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;))), Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;))))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;]&quot;, form = &quot;postfix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\213\205&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot;[&quot;, form = &quot;prefix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mtable(Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;n&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)))), Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;n&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)))), Typesetting:-mtr(Typesetting:-mtd(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;2&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;n&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;]&quot;, form = &quot;postfix&quot;, fence = &quot;true&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thinmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythinmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))">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</Equation></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" alignment="centred"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">En el r\303\251gimen estacionario al que se llega a largo plazo, si es que existe dicho r\303\251gimen, las probabilidades </Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;i&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))">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</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8"> en un turno y en el siguiente han de ser las mismas, y no ha de depender del estado inicial del capital. Esto, matem\303\241ticamente quiere decir que el vector de probabilidades de estado es un autovector de la matriz, para que se conserve su direcci\303\263n al multiplicarse repetitivamente por ella, y de autovalor 1, pues si no, las probabilidades se multiplicar\303\255an cada vez por una constante. Adem\303\241s, como el sistema ha de estar en uno de los tres estados, \342\210\221</Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot;&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;p&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;i&quot;)), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;=&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;1&quot;))">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</Equation>.</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Operemos con Maple para calcular esta probabilidad:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Group labelreference="L30" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">restart:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L27" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">B := Matrix([[0,1/4+epsilon,3/4-epsilon],[1/10-epsilon,0,1/4+epsilon],[9/10+epsilon,3/4-epsilon,0]]):</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L33" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">autovalores:= [linalg[eigenvalues](B)];</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L34" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Como puede comprobarse, est\303\241 presente el autovalor 1, y tiene un y s\303\263lo un autovector independiente asociado (ya que hay tres autovalores distintos, cada uno ha de tener m\303\255nimo un autovector indep., y el m\303\241ximo es la dimensi\303\263n del espacio vectorial, esto es, 3), y por tanto un \303\272nico r\303\251gimen estacionario de probabilidades de estado (que se alcanza tras unas pocas tiradas, cuando ya no afecta el capital inicial). Dicho autovector es el siguiente, que operaremos para obtener la esperanza matem\303\241tica:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L29" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">autovector := op(linalg[kernel](B-1));</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L32" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">x:=solve(add(autovector[i]*x,i=1..3)=1,x):
probabilidades_de_estado := simplify(autovector*x):</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L41" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">b := simplify(1*linalg[innerprod](probabilidades_de_estado,[1/10-epsilon,3/4-epsilon,3/4-epsilon])-1*linalg[innerprod](probabilidades_de_estado,[9/10+epsilon,1/4+epsilon,1/4+epsilon]));	

<Font encoding="UTF-8"># Esperanza matem\303\241tica en una jugada cualquiera, avanzado el juego.</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L44" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">plot(b,epsilon=0..0.1, style=line, labeldirections=[horizontal, vertical], title=&quot;Esperanza Matem\303\241tica&quot;, labelfont=[TIMES,ITALIC,12], titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],axesfont=[TIMES,ROMAN,10],color=coral,font=[TIMES,BOLDITALIC,12],axes=normal,gridlines=true, thickness=2</Font>);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" alignment="centred"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Heading 3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Por tanto, la esperanza matem\303\241tica de ganar en </Font><Font italic="true">B</Font> es <Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;b&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;=&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;prefix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mfrac(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;6&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;49&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;8&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;*&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;80&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-msup(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;2&quot;), superscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;*&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;)), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;*&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;169&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\210\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;16&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;*&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;+&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;mediummathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;240&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot; &quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-msup(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;2&quot;), superscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;*&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), linethickness = &quot;1&quot;, denomalign = &quot;center&quot;, numalign = &quot;center&quot;, bevelled = &quot;false&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;, Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;/&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;+&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEiYkYnLyUnZmFtaWx5R1EwVGltZXN+TmV3flJvbWFuRicvJSVzaXplR1EjMTJGJy8lJWJvbGRHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqdW5kZXJsaW5lR0Y3LyUqc3Vic2NyaXB0R0Y3LyUsc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EoWzAsMCwwXUYnLyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdRLlsyNTUsMjU1LDI1NV1GJy8lJ29wYXF1ZUdGNy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRjcvJSlyZWFkb25seUdGNy8lKWNvbXBvc2VkR0Y3LyUqY29udmVydGVkR0Y3LyUraW1zZWxlY3RlZEdGNy8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0Y3LyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUqbWF0aGNvbG9yR0ZDLyUvbWF0aGJhY2tncm91bmRHRkYvJStmb250ZmFtaWx5R0YxLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lKW1hdGhzaXplR0Y0LUkjbW9HRiQ2M1EiPUYnLyUlZm9ybUdRJmluZml4RicvJSZmZW5jZUdGNy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRL3RoaWNrbWF0aHNwYWNlRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmpvLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjcvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjcvJShtYXhzaXplR1EpaW5maW5pdHlGJy8lKG1pbnNpemVHUSIxRicvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y3LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNy8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdGVy8lJXNpemVHRjQvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR0ZDLyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi1GIzYlLUZebzY0USomdW1pbnVzMDtGJy9GYm9RJ3ByZWZpeEYnRmRvRmZvL0Zpb1EkMGVtRicvRlxwRl1yRl1wRl9wRmFwRmRwRmdwRmlwRltxRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxL0krbXNlbWFudGljc0dGJFEiK0YnLUkmbWZyYWNHRiQ2Ky1GIzYoLUkjbW5HRiQ2OVEiNkYnRi9GMkY1L0Y5RjdGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm4vRmluUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Zbby1GXm82NFExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRmFvRmRvRmZvRlxyRl5yRl1wRl9wRmFwRmRwRmdwRmlwRltxRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxRl9yLUYsNjlRLSZ2YXJlcHNpbG9uO0YnRi9GMkY1RltzRjtGPUY/RkFGREZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuRlxzRltvRl5zLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYjLUYjNigtRmhyNjlRIzQ5RidGL0YyRjVGW3NGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GXHNGW28tRl5vNjRRKCZtaW51cztGJ0Zhb0Zkb0Zmby9GaW9RMG1lZGl1bW1hdGhzcGFjZUYnL0ZccEZgdEZdcEZfcEZhcEZkcEZncEZpcEZbcUZdcUZfcUZhcUZjcUZfci1GIzYmLUZocjY5USI4RidGL0YyRjVGW3NGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GXHNGW29GXnNGYXMvRmByUSIqRictRl5vNjRRJyZwbHVzO0YnRmFvRmRvRmZvRl90RmF0Rl1wRl9wRmFwRmRwRmdwRmlwRltxRl1xRl9xRmFxRmNxRl9yLUYjNiYtRmhyNjlRIzgwRidGL0YyRjVGW3NGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GXHNGW29GXnMtSSVtc3VwR0YkNiVGYXMtRmhyNjlRIjJGJ0YvRjJGNUZbc0Y7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZcc0Zbby8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGZ3RGX3JGZ3QtRiM2KC1GaHI2OVEkMTY5RidGL0YyRjVGW3NGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GXHNGW29GXHQtRiM2Ji1GaHI2OVEjMTZGJ0YvRjJGNUZbc0Y7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZcc0Zbb0Zec0Zhc0ZndEZpdC1GIzYmLUZocjY5USQyNDBGJ0YvRjJGNUZbc0Y7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZcc0Zbb0Zec0ZhdUZndEZfci8lLmxpbmV0aGlja25lc3NHUSIxRicvJStkZW5vbWFsaWduR1EnY2VudGVyRicvJSludW1hbGlnbkdGXncvJSliZXZlbGxlZEdGN0ZhcUZjcS9GYHJRIi9GJ0Zfci1GLDY5USFGJ0YvRjJGNUY4RjtGPUY/RkFGREZHRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlVGWEZaRmZuRmhuRltv</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8">, y como puede verse en el gr\303\241fico superior, es menor que cero y por tanto </Font><Font italic="true">B</Font> es un juego desfavorable si  <Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;&gt;&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;))">LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEhRicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjcvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGNy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRicvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR1EuWzI1NSwyNTUsMjU1XUYnLyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y3LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNy8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y3LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjcvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjcvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y3LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRicvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkMvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjEvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjQtRiw2OVEtJnZhcmVwc2lsb247RidGL0YyRjUvRjlGN0Y7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbi9GaW5RJ25vcm1hbEYnRltvLUkjbW9HRiQ2M1EiPkYnLyUlZm9ybUdRJmluZml4RicvJSZmZW5jZUdGNy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRL3RoaWNrbWF0aHNwYWNlRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmBwLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjcvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjcvJShtYXhzaXplR1EpaW5maW5pdHlGJy8lKG1pbnNpemVHUSIxRicvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y3LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNy8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdGVy8lJXNpemVHRjQvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR0ZDLyUrYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi1JI21uR0YkNjlRIjBGJ0YvRjJGNUZgb0Y7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlhGWkZmbkZhb0Zbbw==</Equation>.</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Heading 3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Heading 3">Sin embargo, tanto el juego <Font italic="true">A</Font> como el <Font italic="true">B</Font> son, si <Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;=&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0&quot;))">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</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8">, juegos equilibrados y justos, ya que la esperanza matem\303\241tica es 0 (ni se gana ni se pierde, a la larga).</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Heading 3"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Heading 3"><Font encoding="UTF-8">En las siguientes secciones vamos a dibujar qu\303\251 ocurre cuando jugamos estos juegos por separado, para un n\303\272mero elevado de turnos, y as\303\255 poder comprobar lo desfavorables que son.</Font></Text-field>
</Section>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Cuestiones T\303\251cnicas</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">A continuaci\303\263n introducimos en Maple las instrucciones necesarias para poder manejar la simulaci\303\263n que utilizaremos para demostrar la paradoja:</Font></Text-field>
<Group labelreference="L6" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">restart;</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L7" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">randomize():</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L8" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">Moneda := proc()
          RandomTools[MersenneTwister][GenerateFloat]();
          end proc:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L9" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">JuegoA := proc(g)
          if (Moneda() &lt; g) then
                1                
	else
                -1
	end if;
        end proc:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L10" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">JuegoB := proc(C,p,q)
        if (C mod 3 = 0) then
                if (Moneda() &lt; q) then
                        + 1
                else
                        - 1
                end if;
        else
                if (Moneda() &lt; p) then
                        + 1
                else
                        - 1
                end if;
        end if;
        end proc:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L11" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">C := 0:                # Capital inicial. Sirve cualquier n\303\272mero entero
</Font>eps := 0.006:          # Epsilon a restar a las probabilidades</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L12" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">g := 0.5 -eps:         # Probabilidad de ganar con la moneda 1 en el juego A
p := 0.75-eps:         # Probabilidad de ganar con la moneda 2 en el juego B
q := 0.1 -eps:         # Probabilidad de ganar con la moneda 3 en el juego B
<Font encoding="UTF-8">veces := 10000:         # N\303\272mero de veces que se jugar\303\241 (turnos)
jugadores := 100:       # N\303\272mero de jugadores a promediar</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Los Juegos por separado</Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">A continuaci\303\263n dibujamos, en sendas gr\303\241ficas, los juegos </Font><Font italic="true">A</Font> y <Font italic="true">B</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> por separado. Las gr\303\241ficas son interactivas: basta con cambiar los par\303\241metros de arriba y volver a ejecutar todo el bloque con Maple para obtener nuevas gr\303\241ficas:</Font></Text-field>
<Group labelreference="L52" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := 0
end do:

for j from 1 to jugadores do
	cap[0] := C;
	for i from 1 to veces do
		cap[i] := cap[i-1] + JuegoA(g)
	end do:
	for i from 0 to veces do
		promedio[i] := promedio[i] + cap[i]
	end do:
end do:

for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := evalf(promedio[i]/jugadores)
end do:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L14" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">:plot([seq([i,promedio[i]],i=0..veces)],style=line, labels=[&quot;Turnos &quot;,&quot;Capital Promedio &quot;], labeldirections=[horizontal, vertical], title=&quot;Juego A&quot;, labelfont=[TIMES,ITALIC,12], titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],axesfont=[TIMES,ROMAN,10],color=red,font=[TIMES,BOLDITALIC,12],axes=boxed,gridlines=true, thickness=2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L59" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := 0
end do:

for j from 1 to jugadores do
	cap[0] := C;
	for i from 1 to veces do
		cap[i] := cap[i-1] + JuegoB(cap[i-1],p,q)
	end do:
	for i from 0 to veces do
		promedio[i] := promedio[i] + cap[i]
	end do:
end do:

for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := evalf(promedio[i]/jugadores)
end do:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L16" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot([seq([i,promedio[i]],i=0..veces)],style=line, labels=[&quot;Turnos &quot;,&quot;Capital Promedio &quot;], labeldirections=[horizontal, vertical], title=&quot;Juego B&quot;, labelfont=[TIMES,ITALIC,12], titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14], axesfont=[TIMES,ROMAN,10],color=blue, font=[TIMES,BOLDITALIC,12], axes=boxed,gridlines=true, thickness=2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L17" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">A la vista de estas gr\303\241ficas, queda patente que ambos juegos son muy desfavorables por si solos, como ya hab\303\255amos dicho.</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Los Juegos juntos</Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Veamos ahora el efecto que tiene jugar alternativamente a uno y otro juego. Realizaremos simulaciones para las secuencias de juegos <Font italic="true">AABBAABB</Font>..., y <Font italic="true">AAABBAAABB...</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">, dos combinaciones ganadoras para epsilones suficientemente peque\303\261os. Si se quisiera probar otra diferente, bastar\303\255a con modificar ligeramente el c\303\263digo que sigue:</Font></Text-field>
<Group labelreference="L18" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := 0
end do:

for j from 1 to jugadores do
	cap[0] := C;
	for i from 1 by 4 to (veces+4) do
		cap[i] := cap[i-1] + JuegoA(g);
		cap[i+1] := cap[i] + JuegoA(g);
		cap[i+2] := cap[i+1] + JuegoB(cap[i+1],p,q);
		cap[i+3] := cap[i+2] + JuegoB(cap[i+2],p,q)
	end do:
	for i from 0 to veces do
		promedio[i] := promedio[i] + cap[i]
	end do:
end do:

for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := evalf(promedio[i]/jugadores)
end do:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L20" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot([seq([i,promedio[i]],i=0..veces)],style=line, labels=[&quot;Turnos &quot;,&quot;Capital Promedio &quot;], labeldirections=[horizontal, vertical], title=&quot;Secuencia AABBAABB...&quot;, labelfont=[TIMES,ITALIC,12], titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],axesfont=[TIMES,ROMAN,10], color=khaki, font=[TIMES,BOLDITALIC,12],axes=boxed,gridlines=true, thickness=2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L63" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := 0
end do:

for j from 1 to jugadores do
	cap[0] := C;
	for i from 1 by 5 to (veces+5) do
		cap[i] := cap[i-1] + JuegoA(g);
		cap[i+1] := cap[i] + JuegoA(g);
		cap[i+2] := cap[i+1] + JuegoA(g);
		cap[i+3] := cap[i+2] + JuegoB(cap[i+2],p,q);
		cap[i+4] := cap[i+3] + JuegoB(cap[i+3],p,q)
	end do:
	for i from 0 to veces do
		promedio[i] := promedio[i] + cap[i]
	end do:
end do:

for i from 0 to veces do
	promedio[i] := evalf(promedio[i]/jugadores)
end do:</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L64" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">plot([seq([i,promedio[i]],i=0..veces)],style=line, labels=[&quot;Turnos &quot;,&quot;Capital Promedio &quot;], labeldirections=[horizontal, vertical], title=&quot;Secuencia AAABBAAABB...&quot;, labelfont=[TIMES,ITALIC,12], titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],axesfont=[TIMES,ROMAN,10], color=aquamarine, font=[TIMES,BOLDITALIC,12],axes=boxed,gridlines=true, thickness=2);</Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
<Group labelreference="L62" drawlabel="true">
<Input>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Si los par\303\241metros de la p\303\241gina no han sido modificados, se apreciar\303\241 perfectamente el efecto que hab\303\255amos predicho, sorprendente y parad\303\263jico si no se estudia con detenimiento. La segunda secuencia de juegos es una de las que reporta mayores beneficios a largo plazo. A continuaci\303\263n nos centramos en el an\303\241lisis del funcionamiento de este fen\303\263meno, comprobando las probabilidades que surgen en r\303\251gimen estacionario al combinar ambos juegos en la modalidad </Font><Font italic="true">AABBAABB</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">..., siendo el desarrollo an\303\241logo para otras combinaciones ganadoras.</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1"><Font encoding="UTF-8">An\303\241lisis probabil\303\255stico de la paradoja</Font></Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Pasemos ahora a analizar con detalle las probabilidades y la esperanza matem\303\241tica de ganancias en la secuencia </Font><Font italic="true">AABBAABB...</Font> de juegos. Comenzamos, como anteriormente hicimos con el juego <Font italic="true">B</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> por s\303\255 s\303\263lo, con la matriz que nos da las probabilidades de estado en un turno a partir de las del anterior. Ahora, tendremos 12 estados diferentes, cuyas probabilidades enumeramos a continuaci\303\263n:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" alignment="centred"><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;A&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;01&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;A&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;11&quot;)), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;A&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;21&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;A&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;02&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;A&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;12&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;A&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;22&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;B&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;01&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;B&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;11&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;B&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;21&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;B&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;02&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;B&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;12&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;,&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;true&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;verythickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;B&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;22&quot;), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;)), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;))">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</Equation></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" alignment="centred"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Esta notaci\303\263n consiste en poner en el primer sub\303\255ndice la multiplicidad del capital: 0 si es m\303\272ltiplo de 3; 1 si es m\303\272ltiplo de 3 m\303\241s 1; 2 si es m\303\272ltiplo de 3 m\303\241s dos (realmente es </Font><Font bold="true" italic="true">C</Font> mod 3). El segundo denota si el juego que toca jugar para pasar al siguiente estado es el primero o el segundo del mismo tipo en su cadena. Lo vemos con un ejemplo:</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" alignment="centred"><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-msub(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;A&quot;), Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mn(&quot;12&quot;)), subscriptshift = &quot;0&quot;, placeholder = &quot;false&quot;), Typesetting:-mi(&quot;&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;\342\207\222&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;true&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;))">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</Equation>Toca jugar al segundo juego <Font italic="true">A,</Font> de los dos que hay, y el capital cumple: <Font bold="true" italic="true">C</Font> mod 3 = 1</Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" alignment="centred"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Una vez aclarado esto, la matriz de probabilidades tomar\303\241 la siguiente forma, teniendo en cuenta el orden que sigue el juego en secuencia, para llegar a un estado a partir de los dem\303\241s:</Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">restart:
interface(rtablesize=12):</Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">AB := Matrix([[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1/4+epsilon,3/4-epsilon],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1/10-epsilon,0,1/4+epsilon],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,9/10+epsilon,3/4-epsilon,0],[0,1/2+epsilon,1/2-epsilon,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[1/2-epsilon,0,1/2+epsilon,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[1/2+epsilon,1/2-epsilon,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,1/2+epsilon,1/2-epsilon,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,1/2-epsilon,0,1/2+epsilon,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,1/2+epsilon,1/2-epsilon,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1/4+epsilon,3/4-epsilon,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,1/10-epsilon,0,1/4+epsilon,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,9/10+epsilon,3/4-epsilon,0,0,0,0]]):</Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">&lt;A[0,1](n+1),A[1,1](n+1),A[2,1](n+1),A[0,2](n+1),A[1,2](n+1),A[2,2](n+1),B[0,1](n+1),B[1,1](n+1),B[2,1](n+1),B[0,2](n+1),B[1,2](n+1),B[2,2](n+1)&gt; = AB,&lt;A[0,1](n),A[1,1](n),A[2,1](n),A[0,2](n),A[1,2](n),A[2,2](n),B[0,1](n),B[1,1](n),B[2,1](n),B[0,2](n),B[1,2](n),B[2,2](n)&gt;;</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Calculemos los autovalores y autovectores de esta matriz, para obtener las probabilidades de estado del r\303\251gimen estacionario (recordemos, por estar en cadena infinita, que ha de ser un autovalor 1, y el vector buscado ha de tener \342\210\221</Font><Font italic="true">probabilidades = </Font>1):</Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">autovalores := [linalg[eigenvalues](AB)]; `N\303\272mero de autovalores` := nops(autovalores);</Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Vemos que est\303\241 presente el autovalor 1, y por el mismo razonamiento que atr\303\241s, su subespacio propio ha de ser de dimensi\303\263n 1. Por tanto el vector que buscamos lo hallaremos as\303\255 (luego, impondremos m\303\241s condiciones a este vector)</Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">autovector := op(linalg[kernel](AB-1));</Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">multiplicador := 1/simplify(sum(op(autovector)[i],i=1..12)):</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Este multiplicador es el factor que hace que nuestro <Font italic="true">autovector</Font> tenga <Font encoding="UTF-8">\342\210\221</Font><Font italic="true">componentes = </Font>1</Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">ab := simplify((1*linalg[innerprod]([1/2-epsilon,1/2-epsilon,1/2-epsilon,1/2-epsilon,1/2-epsilon,1/2-epsilon,1/10-epsilon,3/4-epsilon,3/4-epsilon,1/10-epsilon,3/4-epsilon,3/4-epsilon],autovector)-1*linalg[innerprod]([1/2+epsilon,1/2+epsilon,1/2+epsilon,1/2+epsilon,1/2+epsilon,1/2+epsilon,9/10+epsilon,1/4+epsilon,1/4+epsilon,9/10+epsilon,1/4+epsilon,1/4+epsilon],autovector))*multiplicador);</Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">plot(ab,epsilon=0..0.1, style=line, labeldirections=[horizontal, vertical], title=&quot;Esperanza Matem\303\241tica&quot;, labelfont=[TIMES,ITALIC,12], titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],axesfont=[TIMES,ROMAN,10],color=coral,font=[TIMES,BOLDITALIC,12],axes=normal,gridlines=true, thickness=2</Font>);</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">He aqu\303\255 la causa de la paradoja: para epsilones peque\303\261os, la esperanza matem\303\241tica es positiva, con lo que se consiguen ganancias netas probabil\303\255sticamente. Hallemos cual es el epsilon m\303\241ximo para el que se consigue este efecto, resolviendo la expresi\303\263n anterior igualada a 0 y la esperanza matem\303\241tica m\303\241xima que podemos obtener haciendo \316\265 = 0:</Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">epsilon(max) := simplify(evalf(solve(ab=0,epsilon)));</Text-field>
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<Text-field prompt="&gt; " style="Maple Input" layout="Normal">mu(max) := subs(epsilon=0,ab);</Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">Por lo tanto, el sistema complejo formado por ambos juegos en secuencia <Font italic="true">AABBAABB..., </Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">equilibr\303\241ndose el uno al otro a modo de </Font><Font italic="true">ratchet,</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> queda analizado, habiendo explicado c\303\263mo con los estados del capital se consigue una esperanza matem\303\241tica positiva (de hasta 4/</Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math">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</Equation><Font encoding="UTF-8">) con una desventaja real en ambos juegos, de valor m\303\241ximo:</Font><Equation executable="false" style="2D Math" input-equation="Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mrow(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;\316\265&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;0em&quot;, rspace = &quot;0em&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mfenced(Typesetting:-mi(&quot;max&quot;)), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;function&quot;), Typesetting:-mo(&quot;=&quot;, form = &quot;infix&quot;, fence = &quot;false&quot;, separator = &quot;false&quot;, lspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, rspace = &quot;thickmathspace&quot;, stretchy = &quot;false&quot;, symmetric = &quot;false&quot;, maxsize = &quot;infinity&quot;, minsize = &quot;1&quot;, largeop = &quot;false&quot;, movablelimits = &quot;false&quot;, accent = &quot;false&quot;, font_style_name = &quot;2D Math&quot;, size = &quot;12&quot;, foreground = &quot;[0,0,0]&quot;, background = &quot;[255,255,255]&quot;), Typesetting:-mn(&quot;0.01240759420&quot;), Typesetting:-msemantics = &quot;:=&quot;)">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</Equation>.</Text-field>
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<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Conclusiones</Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Ya podemos concluir que el sistema complejo formado por ambos juegos trabajando conjuntamente de forma adecuada resulta en una combinaci\303\263n ganadora, como quer\303\255amos demostrar. Hemos visto que la acci\303\263n del juego </Font><Font italic="true">A</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> en la secuencia, hace que los estados de capital favorables (no m\303\272ltiplos de 3, y a punto de jugar el juego </Font><Font italic="true">B</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">) se produzcan con mayor frecuencia al aumentar las probabilidades de llegar a ellos, con lo cual anule los efectos de p\303\251rdidas en </Font><Font italic="true">B</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> al lanzar la moneda &quot;mala&quot; (Moneda 3) un menor n\303\272mero de veces, y tambi\303\251n su propia tendencia negativa.</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal">De esta manera, las fluctuaciones negativas se contrarrestan, y permanecen las positivas, <Font italic="true">como en una ruedecilla dentada de reloj</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">. A pesar de todo, hemos visto que hay un factor l\303\255mite para cada secuencia, tras el cual el efecto de ganancias de la paradoja desaparece, y comienzan las p\303\251rdiadas (si bien \303\251stas ser\303\241n mucho menores que si consider\303\241semos los juegos independientes).</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Por \303\272ltimo, cabr\303\255a alegar que los juegos son muy espec\303\255ficos, que est\303\241n &quot;ama\303\261ados&quot; espec\303\255ficamente para que la paradoja funcione, al producirse m\303\241s estados no m\303\272ltiplos de 3 que los que cabr\303\255a esperar. Sin embargo, la filosof\303\255a de la paradoja es que dos efectos perjudiciales pueden anularse para producir algo beneficioso: ya sea capital, puntos, o vida, seg\303\272n las \303\272ltimas investigaciones; como dijimos en la introducci\303\263n. Adem\303\241s, se han encontrado otros juegos, de definici\303\263n mucho m\303\241s compleja, dependientes del historial de juego, o colectivos, que de otros modos llegan al mismo comportamiento parad\303\263jico.</Font></Text-field>
</Section>
<Section collapsed="false" MultipleChoiceAnswerIndex="-1" MultipleChoiceRandomizeChoices="false" TrueFalseAnswerIndex="-1" EssayAnswerRows="5" EssayAnswerColumns="60"><Title>
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Referencias utilizadas</Text-field></Title>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">El material disponible sobre este tema no es demasiado abundante, si bien es posible encontrar cierta informaci\303\263n b\303\241sica en internet, y un poco m\303\241s extensa en revistas especializadas. Sin embargo, nos hemos basado b\303\241sicamente en estos tres recursos, todos ellos de buena calidad:</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" bullet="dot"><Font italic="true"> Scientific American</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8"> (Investigaci\303\263n y Ciencia), Junio 2001: &quot;<Font underline="true">Juegos Matem\303\241ticos: Perder + Perder = Ganar</Font></Font>&quot; <Font encoding="UTF-8" italic="true">(p\303\241gs.88 y 89)</Font></Text-field>
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<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" bullet="dot"> http://seneca.fis.ucm.es/parr/		        <Font encoding="UTF-8" italic="true">(P\303\241gina de Juan MR Parrondo, padre de la paradoja)</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal" bullet="dot"> http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/Groups/parrondo/ 	(<Font encoding="UTF-8" italic="true">P\303\241gina de la universidad australiana de Adelaide)</Font></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"></Text-field>
<Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Por \303\272ltimo, se\303\261alar la ayuda recibida por parte de Jos\303\251 Olarrea, profesor de la E.T.S.I.A., con las instrucciones de Maple y las aclaraciones sobre la paradoja, sin las cuales esta hoja de Maple no hubiese podido ser llevada a cabo.</Font></Text-field>
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<Font bold="true">Nota Legal</Font><Font encoding="UTF-8">: El copyright de esta aplicaci\303\263n pertenece a lo(s) autor(es). Ni Maplesoft ni lo(s) autor(es) son responsables de ning\303\272n error contenido en ella, ni de los da\303\261os que podr\303\255a ocasionar el uso de este material. Esta aplicaci\303\263n esta dirigida solamente a un uso no comercial y sin beneficios econ\303\263micos. Contacte con el autor para su permiso si desea usarla en actividades comerciales.</Font></Font></Text-field>
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