Synchrotron Radiation: the Crab Nebula
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Problem</Text-field> About 6500 years ago, a star in the constellation of Taurus exploded as a supernova. On July 4, 1054 CE, light from this explosion reached the Earth and was observed by Chinese astronomers, who made a record of their observation. The Crab Nebula has been identified as the detritus from the explosion; and in the approximately 960 years since the sighting of the supernova, the nebula has been expanding at a rate that roughly corresponds to its age. Determine whether or not the synchrotron radiation of the nebula itself is sufficient to explain the duration of its visibility. (Crab Nebula data from Aleksi\304\207 et al, 2015.) Hints: Calculate the Lorentz factor, based on data given below. Calculate the energy of a relativistic electron. Calculate the power. Divide the energy by the power to get the time.
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Data</Text-field> Magnetic Field Strength in G 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 Mass of Electron in g 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 Peak Frequency in Hz 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 Speed of Light in Cm/sLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= 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 Electron Charge in ESU 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 Thomsen Cross Section 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 LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=
LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Useful Equations</Text-field> Lorentz Factor 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 %; Relativistic Energy 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 LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= Synchrotron Formula for Power 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
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Solution</Text-field> LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= Calculate the Lorentz factor for a relativistic electron in a magnetic field B in Hz, where n is the peak frequency, m is the mass of the electron (g), c is the speed of light (cm/s), e is the electron charge. All units are in cgs. 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 LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEqdW5wcm90ZWN0RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiUtRiw2JVEnJiM5NDc7RicvRjBRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPkY/Rj9GQUY/ LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= 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 JCIrJmYqKXBjJCEiIw== LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEqdW5wcm90ZWN0RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiUtRiw2JVEnJiM5NDc7RicvRjBRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPkY/Rj9GQUY/ LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= With such a large Lorentz factor, v is essentially equal to c, so that LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NDY7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnRjIvJSZmZW5jZUdGMS8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGMS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0YxLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0YxLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGMS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjEvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjEvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZJLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0YxRjI= IiIi Calculate the energy of a relativistic electron: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= 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 JCIrTWdOP0ghIik= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= Calculate the synchrotron power: 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 LCQqJiQiKzJZUFsnKSEjPCIiIkkjUGlHJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHISIiRic= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= Divide energy by power to determine the time of cooling in seconds. Convert to years: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= 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 LCQqJiQiK2gnb25QJCEiIiIiIkkjUGlHJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHRidGJw== LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= 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 JCIrKmY2Uk8kISIp LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic= 34 years is much shorter than the nebula's age. An additional source of power must be feeding into the nebula to maintain the synchrotron radiation over the requisite period. This is thought to be the pulsar at the centre of the nebula. (And see the worksheet "synchrotron".)
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">References</Text-field> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aleksi\304\207 et al. (2015). Measurement of the Crab Nebula spectrum over three decades in energy with the MAGIC telescopes. Journal of High Energy Astrophysics, 5, 30-38.
LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=