Radiative Flux

Calculate (A) the solar constant, (B) the flux density of the Sun through a Johnson B filter, and (C) the flux and temperature of the Sun. (Data are from Cox, 2000). Hint: Use the equations below.

Solar Luminosity 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 Astronomical Unit 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 Johnson B-band Filter Zero Point 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 W m-1 Hz-1 Central Wavelength of the Johnson B-band 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.438 * 10-6 m Absolute B-band Magnitude of the Sun LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYuLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEiTUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiUtRi82JlEiQkYnRjJGNUY4RjUvRjlRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSSNtb0dGJDYuUSJ+RidGNUZALyUmZmVuY2VHRjcvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjcvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGNy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGNy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRjcvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y3LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y3LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGWS1GRjYuUSI9RidGNUZARklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlUvRlhRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRmVuRmpuRkUtRkY2LlEqJnVtaW51czA7RidGNUZARklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTRlUvRlhRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRmVuRmBvLUkjbW5HRiQ2JVElMjYuMEYnRjVGQEZFRkVGRUZFRjVGQA== Earth Radius LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYnLUYvNiVRJkVhcnRoRidGMkY1RjIvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EsWzIwMCwwLDIwMF1GJy8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0Y0RjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= = 6.371 * 106 m

Flux Density 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 Magnitude from Ratio of Fluxes 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 Total luminous Flux Density 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 Total Luminous Flux 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

Luminous flux, or flux density, is the luminosity per unit area. To find the insolation (the luminous flux of the Sun at the top of the Earth's atmosphere, also known as solar irradiance or the solar constant), use the flux density formula: 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 LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEocmVzdGFydEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== where F is the flux in watts/m2, L is the luminosity in watts, and r is the distance from the source. In the case of the Sun, 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 JSFH 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

LCQqKCQiK1xyQHQ4ISInIiIiLUklVW5pdEc2JC9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJJlVuaXRzRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YtRjA2IzYjLkkiV0dGLUYnKS1GKTYjNiMuSSJtR0YtIiIjISIiRic=

JSFH

JSFH

To find the Johnson B-band flux of a star, in this case, the Sun, use the following formula. The value of the f\316\275 zero-point for the B filter is given in Table 2 of Section 2.3 in the text. Convert this to SI units: 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 W m-2 Hz-1. The absolute magnitude of the Sun in the B filter is -26.10. Insert the relevant values and solve for fB of the Sun. You will need to use the text found on canismajor.ca to complete this problem. JSFH 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: 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

JCIrQUovPjYhI0A=

The Sun's B-filter flux is approximately 1.12 * 10-12 W m-2 Hz-1 (= 1.12 * 10-12 N) To calculate the total energy received by the Earth from the Sun in this band, multiply this figure times the central frequency of the B-band (\316\273 = 0.438 * 10-6 m, from Table 2) and then by half the area of the Earth (the hemisphere facing the Sun) (radius = 6.371 * 106 m.) 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 JSFH 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

L0kjbnVHNiIsJComJCIrWzBfV28iIiYiIiItSSVVbml0RzYkL0krbW9kdWxlbmFtZUdGJEkmVW5pdHNHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHRiRGMjYjNiMuSSJzR0YkISIiRio=

or about 6.8 * 1014 Hz. So the luminosity at Earth is 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

LCQqJiQiKzRiS1U+IiIpIiIiLUklVW5pdEc2JC9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJJlVuaXRzRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YtRjA2IzYjLkkiV0dGLUYnRic=

The total luminosity of the Sun in the B band is taken at 1 AU (= 1.496 * 1011 m). 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

LyZJIkxHNiI2JEkiQkdGJUkkc3VuR0YlLCQqJiQiK2k+JjQyIiIjPCIiIi1JJVVuaXRHNiQvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lR0YlSSZVbml0c0c2JCUqcHJvdGVjdGVkR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJUY2NiM2Iy5JIldHRiVGLkYu

or approximately 1.07 * 1026 W. The total luminosity of the Sun at all wavelengths (bolometric luminosity) is taken to be approximately 3.862 * 1026 W., as given above.

JSFH

Luminous flux is related to temperature by the formula: 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 where \317\203 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 * 10-8 W m-2 K-4). Therefore, luminosity may be expressed as: 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 Knowing the luminosity and radius of the Sun, we can calculate its effective surface temperature, as follows: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEld2l0aEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRNFNjaWVudGlmaWNDb25zdGFudHNGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRidGQC1JI21vR0YkNi1RIjpGJ0ZALyUmZmVuY2VHRj8vJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj8vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj8vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y/LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y/LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGVkY9RkA= JSFH 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

LCQqJiQiK3QqKVJxYyEjPCIiIi1JJVVuaXRHNiQvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSZVbml0c0c2JCUqcHJvdGVjdGVkR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGLUYwNiMqKDYjLkkja2dHRi1GJyk2Iy5JInNHRi0iIiQhIiIpNiMuSSJLR0YtIiIlRjxGJ0Yn

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

LCQqJiQiKysrK2lRIiM8IiIiLUklVW5pdEc2JC9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJJlVuaXRzRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YtRjA2IzYjLkkiV0dGLUYnRic=

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

LCQqJiQiKysrM2JwISIiIiIiLUklVW5pdEc2JC9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJJlVuaXRzRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YtRjA2IzYjLkkibUdGLUYnRic=

JSFH 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

NiYsJCoqJCIrRyhwYnkmISInIiIiLUklVW5pdEc2JC9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJJlVuaXRzRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YuRjE2IzYjLkkibUdGLiEiIi1GKjYjKig2Iy5JI2tnR0YuRigpNiMuSSJzR0YuIiIkRjcpNiMuSSJLR0YuIiIlRjdGNykqKC1GKjYjNiMuSSJXR0YuRigpRikiIiNGKClGOEZCRigjRihGR0YoRigqKiomRiVGKF4jRihGKEYoRilGN0Y4RjdGSEYoLCRGJEY3LCQqKiwkRlRGKEYoRilGN0Y4RjdGSEYoRjc=

JSFH We take the first solution, rejecting the negative and imaginary solutions: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpc2ltcGxpZnlGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSZldmFsZkYnRi9GMi1GNjYkLUYjNiYtSSZtZnJhY0dGJDYoLUYjNiotSSNtbkdGJDYkUSw1Nzg1LjU2OTcyOEYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi5RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnRkovJSZmZW5jZUdGUi8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGUi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZSLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZSLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGUi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRlIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRlIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0Zdby1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1GNjYkLUYjNiwtRjY2Ji1GLDYlUSJXRidGL0YyRkovJSVvcGVuR1EoJmxvYnJrO0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSgmcm9icms7RidGTC1GYW82JS1GNjYmLUYsNiVRIm1GJ0YvRjJGSkZccEZfcC1GRzYkUSIyRidGSi8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGTC1GYW82JS1GNjYmLUZCNigtRiM2KC1GLDYlUSNrZ0YnRi9GMi8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUSpbMCwwLDI1NV1GJ0ZQLyUpcmVhZG9ubHlHRjEvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSoyRH5PdXRwdXRGJ0ZKLUYjNiotRmFvNiUtRiw2JVEic0YnRi9GMi1GRzYkUSIzRidGSkZccUZMLUZhbzYlLUYsNiVRIktGJ0YvRjItRkc2JFEiNEYnRkpGXHFGanFGUEZdckZfckZKLyUubGluZXRoaWNrbmVzc0dRIjFGJy8lK2Rlbm9tYWxpZ25HUSdjZW50ZXJGJy8lKW51bWFsaWduR0Zpcy8lKWJldmVsbGVkR0ZSRkpGXHBGX3BGaXJGXHFGanFGUEZdckZfckZKRkotRiM2Ki1GRzYkRmZzRkotRk02LVEiL0YnRkpGU0ZVL0ZYRjFGWUZlbkZnbkZpbi9GXG9RLDAuMTY2NjY2N2VtRicvRl9vRmd0RmFzRmpxRlBGXXJGX3JGSkZccUZqcUZQRl1yRl9yRkotRiM2KkZkcEZMRmFxRmpxRlBGXXJGX3JGSkZkc0Znc0Zqc0ZcdC1GLDYjUSFGJ0ZQRkpGSkZQRkpGSkZQRko=

LV9JLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiSSxtcHJpbnRzbGFzaEdGKDYkNyMsJC1JJVVuaXRHNiMvSSdfbG9jYWxHRiZJLF9uMzUwMTk3Njg0R0YoNiNJIktHNiMvRjFJLF9uMzUwMzkyODQ0R0YoJCIrRyhwYnkmISInNyMsJEtJJVVuaXRHNiQvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lR0YoSSZVbml0c0dGJUYmRjM2JC1JK1VuaXRTdHJ1Y3RHRj82JSIiIkkna2VsdmluRzYkUVBDOlxQcm9ncmFtfkZpbGVzfih4ODYpXE1hcGxlfjIwMThcbGliXG1hcGxlLm1sYUYoL0YxSSxfbjM1MjM1MjUxNkdGKEkjU0lHL0YxL0ZBSSljb250ZXh0c0cvRjEvRkFGSEkmaW5lcnRHRihGOA==

JSFH JSFH JSFH

JSFH JSFH

---------------------------------------------------------------- Cox, A. (Ed.) (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities, 4th ed. New York: AIP/Springer.

JSFH